Motionless Pulsed Systems
A Practical Guide to Free-Energy Devices Author: Patrick J. Kelly
Chapter 3: Motionless Pulsed Systems
| The pulsed devices mentioned so far have had moving parts. This does not have to be the case if rotating or fluctuating magnetic fields can be created without moving parts. This can indeed be done, and an example of this is Graham Gunderson’s Solid-State Electric Generator shown in US Patent Application 2006/0163971 A1 of 27th July 2006. The details are as follows: Abstract A solid-state electrical generator including at least one permanent magnet, magnetically coupled to a ferromagnetic core provided with at least one hole penetrating its volume; the hole(s) and magnet(s) being placed so that the hole(s) intercept flux from the permanent magnet(s) coupled into the ferromagnetic core. A first wire coil is wound around the ferromagnetic core for the purpose of moving the coupled permanent magnet flux within the ferromagnetic core. A second wire is routed through the hole(s) penetrating the volume of the ferromagnetic core, for the purpose of intercepting this moving magnetic flux, thereby inducing an output electromotive force. A changing voltage applied to the first wire coil causes coupled permanent magnet flux to move within the core relative to the hole(s) penetrating the core volume, thus inducing electromotive force along wire(s) passing through the hole(s) in the ferromagnetic core. The mechanical action of an electrical generator is therefore synthesised without the use of moving parts. Background This invention relates to a method and device for generating electrical power using solid state means. It has long been known that moving a magnetic field across a wire will generate an electromotive force (EMF), or voltage, along the wire. When this wire is connected in a closed electrical circuit, an electric current, capable of performing work, is driven through this closed circuit by the induced electromotive force. It has also long been known that this resulting electric current causes the closed circuit to become encircled with a secondary, induced magnetic field, whose polarity opposes the primary magnetic field which first induced the EMF. This magnetic opposition creates mutual repulsion as a moving magnet approaches such a closed circuit, and a mutual attraction as that moving magnet moves away from the closed circuit. Both these actions tend to slow or cause “drag” on the progress of the moving magnet, causing the electric generator to act as a magnetic brake, whose effect is in direct proportion to the amount of electric current produced. Historically, gas engines, hydroelectric dams and steam-fed turbines have been used to overcome this magnetic braking action which occurs within mechanical generators. A large amount of mechanical power is required to produce a large amount of electrical power, since the magnetic braking is generally proportional to the amount of electrical power being generated. There has long been felt the need for a generator which reduces or eliminates the well-known magnetic braking interaction, while nevertheless generating useful electric power. The need for convenient, economical and powerful sources of renewable energy remains urgent. When the magnetic fields within a generator are caused to move and interact by means other than applied mechanical force, electric power can be supplied without the necessity of consuming limited natural resources, thus with far greater economy. Summary of the Invention It has long been known that the source of the magnetism within a permanent magnet is a spinning electric current within ferromagnetic atoms of certain elements, persisting indefinitely in accord with well-defined quantum rules. This atomic current encircles every atom, thereby causing each atom to emit a magnetic field, as a miniature electromagnet. This atomic current does not exist in magnets alone. It also exists in ordinary metallic iron, and in any element or metallic alloy which can be “magnetised”, that is, any material which exhibits ferromagnetism. All ferromagnetic atoms and “magnetic metals” contain such quantum atomic electromagnets. In specific ferromagnetic materials, the orientation axis of each atomic electromagnet is flexible. The orientation of magnetic flux both internal and external to the material, pivots easily. Such materials are referred to as magnetically “soft”, due to this magnetic flexibility. Permanent magnet materials are magnetically “hard”. The orientation axis of each is fixed in place within a rigid crystal structure. The total magnetic field produced by these atoms cannot easily move. This constraint aligns the field of ordinary magnets permanently, hence the name “permanent”. The axis of circular current flow in one ferromagnetic atom can direct the axis of magnetism within another ferromagnetic atom, through a process known as “spin exchange”. This gives a soft magnetic material, like raw iron, the useful ability to aim, focus and redirect the magnetic field emitted from a magnetically hard permanent magnet. In the present invention, a permanent magnet’s rigid field is sent into a magnetically flexible “soft” magnetic material. the permanent magnet’s apparent location, observed from points within the magnetically soft material, will effectively move, vibrate, and appear to shift position when the magnetisation of the soft magnetic material is modulated by ancillary means (much like the sun, viewed while underwater, appears to move when the water is agitated). By this mechanism, the motion required for generation of electricity can be synthesised within a soft magnetic material, without requiring physical movement or an applied mechanical force. The present invention synthesises the virtual motion of magnets and their magnetic fields, without the need for mechanical action or moving parts, to produce the electrical generator described here. The present invention describes an electrical generator where magnetic braking known as expressions of Lenz’s Law, do not oppose the means by which the magnetic field energy is caused to move. The synthesised magnetic motion is produced without either mechanical or electrical resistance. This synthesised magnetic motion is aided by forces generated in accordance with Lenz’s Law, in order to produce acceleration of the synthesised magnetic motion, instead of physical “magnetic braking” common to mechanically-actuated electrical generators. Because of this novel magnetic interaction, the solid-state static generator of the present invention is a robust generator, requiring only a small electric force to operate.   The full patent application is shown in the Appendix. Another device of this type comes from Charles Flynn. The technique of applying magnetic variations to the magnetic flux produced by a permanent magnet is covered in detail in the patents of Charles Flynn which are included in the Appendix. In his patent he shows techniques for producing linear motion, reciprocal motion, circular motion and power conversion, and he gives a considerable amount of description and explanation on each, his main patent containing a hundred illustrations. Taking one application at random: He states that a substantial enhancement of magnetic flux can be obtained from the use of an arrangement like this:  Here, a laminated soft iron frame has a powerful permanent magnet positioned in it’s centre and six coils are wound in the positions shown. The magnetic flux from the permanent magnet flows around both sides of the frame.  The full patent details of this system from Charles Flynn are in the Appendix, starting at page A - 338. Lawrence Tseung has recently produced a subtle design using very similar principles. He takes a magnetic frame of similar style and inserts a permanent magnet in one of the arms of the frame. He then applies sharp DC pulses to a coils wound on one side of the frame and draws off energy from a coil wound on the other side of the frame. He shows three separate operating modes for the devices as follows:  Lawrence comments on three possible arrangements. The first on shown above is the standard commercial transformer arrangement where there is a frame made from insulated iron shims in order to cut down the "eddy" currents which otherwise would circulate around inside the frame at right angles to the useful magnetic pulsing which links the two coils on the opposite sides of the frame. As is very widely known, this type of arrangement never has an output power greater than the input power. However, that arrangement can be varied in several different ways. Lawrence has chosen to remove a section of the frame and replace it with a permanent magnet as shown in the diagram below. This alters the situation very considerably as the permanent magnet causes a continuous circulation of magnetic flux around the frame before any alternating voltage is applied to the input coil. If the pulsing input power is applied in the wrong direction as shown here, where the input pulses generate magnetic flux which opposes the magnetic flux already flowing in the frame from the permanent magnet, then the output is actually lower than it would have been without the permanent magnet.  However, if the input coil is pulsed so that the current flowing in the coil produces a magnetic field which reinforces the magnetic field of the permanent magnet then it is possible for the output power to exceed the input power. The "Coefficient of Performance" or "COP" of the device is the amount of output power divided by the amount of input power which the user has to put in to make the device operate. In this instance the COP value can be greater than one:  There is a limitation to this as the amount of magnetic flux which any particular frame can carry is limited by the material from which it is made. Iron is the most common material for frames of this type and it has a very definite saturation point. If the permanent magnet is so strong that it causes saturation of the frame material before the input pulsing is applied, then there can't be any effect at all from positive DC pulsing as shown. This is just common sense but it makes it clear that the magnet chosen must not be too strong for the size of the frame, and why that should be. As an example of this, one of the people replicating Lawrence's design found that he did not get any power gain at all and so he asked Lawrence for advice. Lawrence advised him to omit the magnet and see what happened. He did this and immediately got the standard output, showing that both his input arrangement and his output measuring system both worked perfectly well. It then dawned on him that the stack of three magnets which he was using in the frame were just too strong, so he reduced the stack to just two magnets and immediately got a performance of COP = 1.5 (50% more power output than the input power). Thane C. Heins. Thane has developed, tested and patented a transformer arrangement where the output power of his prototype is thirty times greater than the input power. He achieves this by using a figure-of-eight double toroid transformer core. His Canadian patent CA2594905 is titled "Bi-Toroid Transformer" and dated 18th January 2009. The abstract says: The invention provides a means of increasing transformer efficiency above 100%. The transformer consists of a single primary coil and two secondary coils. The two secondary coils are set on a secondary toroidal core which is designed to be maintained at a lower magnetic resistance than the primary toroidal core throughout the entire operating range of the transformer. Thus, when the transformer secondary delivers current to a load, the resulting Back-EMF is not allowed to flow back to the primary due to the higher magnetic resistance of that flux path, instead, the secondary coil's Back-EMF follows the path of least magnetic resistance into the adjacent secondary coil. You will notice that in the following diagram, the secondary transformer frame on the right is much larger than the primary transformer frame on the left. This larger size produces a lower magnetic resistance or "reluctance" as it is known technically. This seems like a minor point but in fact it is not, as you will see from the test results.  In a conventional transformer, the power flowing in the primary winding induces power in the secondary winding. When the power in the secondary winding is drawn off to do useful work, a Back-EMF magnetic flux results and that opposes the original magnetic flux, requiring additional input power to sustain the operation. In this transformer, that opposing magnetic flow is diverted through a larger magnetic frame which has a much lower resistance to magnetic flow and which, as a result, bleeds off the problem flux, sending it through secondary coil 2 in the diagram above. This pretty much isolates the input power from any opposition, resulting in a massive improvement in the operation efficiency. In the patent document, Thane quotes a prototype test which had a primary coil winding with 2.5 ohms resistance, carrying 0.29 watts of power. The secondary coil 1 had a winding with 2.9 ohms resistance, receiving 0.18 watts of power. The Resistive load 1 was 180 ohms, receiving 11.25 watts of power. The secondary coil 2 had a winding with 2.5 ohms resistance, and received 0.06 watts of power. Resistive load 2 was 1 ohm, receiving 0.02 watts of power. Overall, the input power was 0.29 watts and the output power 11.51 watts, which is a COP of 39.6 and while the document does not mention it directly, the primary coil should be driven at it's resonant frequency. A variation of this arrangement is to attach an outer toroid to the existing bi-toroid arrangement, like this:  This prototype, as you can see, is fairly simple construction, and yet, given an input power of 106.9 milliwatts, it produces an output power of 403.3 milliwatts, which is 3.77 times greater. This is something which needs to be considered carefully. Conventional science say that "there is no such thing as a free meal" and with any transformer, you will get less electrical power out of it than you put into it. Well, this simple looking construction demonstrates that this is not the case, which shows that some of the dogmatic statements made by present day scientists are completely wrong. This version of Thane's transformer is made like this:  The way that off-the-shelf transformers work at the moment is like this:  When a pulse of input power is delivered to Coil 1 (called the "Primary winding"), it creates a magnetic wave which passes around the frame or "yoke" of the transformer, passing though Coil 2 (called the "Secondary winding") and back to Coil1 again as shown by the blue arrows. This magnetic pulse generates an electrical output in Coil 2, which flows through the electrical load (lighting, heating, charging, video, or whatever) providing it with the power which it needs to operate. This is all well and good but the catch is that the pulse in Coil 2 also generates a magnetic pulse, and unfortunately, it runs in the opposite direction, opposing the operation of Coil 1 and causing it to have to boost it's input power in order to overcome this backward magnetic flow:  This is what makes current scientific "experts" say that the electrical efficiency of a transformer will always be less than 100%. Thane has overcome that limitation by the simple and elegant technique of diverting that backward pulse of magnetism and channelling it through an additional magnetic path of lower resistance to magnetic flow through it. The path is arranged so that Coil 1 has no option but to send it's power through the frame as before, but the return pulse takes a much easier path which does not lead back to Coil 1 at all. This boosts the performance way past the 100% mark, and 2,300% has been achieved quite readily. The additional path is like this:  Not shown in this diagram are the reverse pulses from Coil 3. These follow the easier outside path, opposing the unwanted back pulse from coil 2. The overall effect is that from Coil 1's point of view, the tiresome back pulses from Coil2 have suddenly disappeared, leaving Coil 1 to get on with the job of providing power without any hindrance. This simple and elegant modification of the humble transformer, converts it into a free-energy device which boosts the power used to drive it and outputs much greater power. Congratulations are due to Thane for this technique. At the present time there are two videos showing how this transformer works: here and here. Theodore Annis & Patrick Eberly have produced a variation on this multiple-magnetic-path method which is shown in their US Patent Application 20090096219. They have opted to use a motionless reluctance switch which is a solid-state device which can block magnetic flow when energised. They have arranged one of their devices like this:  The ring shown in grey is a magnet which connects to the ring shown in yellow through two diagonal ‘reluctance’ (magnetic flow) switches. The yellow ring can carry magnetic flux and the control box marked 118 switches the diagonal strips on and off in turn, causing the magnetic flux to reverse it’s direction through the yellow ring. The coils wound on the yellow ring pick up this reversing magnetic flux and pass it out as an electric current. While only one pair of rings are shown here, the design allows for as many rings as are needed to be connected together as shown here:  The patent says: "The currently preferred motionless reluctance switch is described by Toshiyuki Ueno & Toshiro Higuchi, in their paper entitled "Investigation of the Dynamic Properties of a Magnetic Flux Control Device composed of Laminations of Magnetostrictive Piezoelectric Materials" - University of Tokyo 2004. As shown in Fig.4, this switch is made of a laminate of a Giant Magnetostrictive Material42, a TbDyFe alloy, bonded on both sides by a Piezoelectric material 44, 46 to which electricity is applied. The application of electricity causes the reluctance of the piezoelectric material to increase.  The full patent is included in the Appendix. Dietmar Wehr has an idea for an electricity generator which is a self-oscillating device with no moving parts, which generates electricity through induction. The device consists of two Y-shaped pieces of soft iron, three iron pillars and a permanent magnet as shown here:  The pillars and the permanent magnet separate the two Y-pieces, forming a simple, robust shape. The width of the three arms of the Y-pieces is important as the operation of the device depends on these dimensions. The iron pillars marked “A” and “B” have output coils wound on them. The iron pillar marked “C” has an input coil wound on it as shown here:  When the coil “C” is pulsed, the magnetic field generated by that pulse either strengthens the existing magnetic field caused by the permanent magnet or opposes it. Either way, the pulse causes a change in the magnetic field in the Y-pieces. The effect of that change moves away from the permanent magnet and reaches the branching point of the Y-pieces. Because the “B” arm provides a better magnetic path, the magnetic flow passes along it as shown by the red arrows here:  This change in magnetic flux, generates output power in coil “B”, powering then load attached to that winding. When the drive pulse is cut off, coil “B” develops a back-EMF current flowing in the opposite direction. That change in current generates a magnetic pulse indicated by the blue arrow. This magnetic pulse travels back along the arm of the Y-piece until it reaches the junction. At this point it has two possible paths, either back towards the permanent magnet, or left towards coil “A”. As the path to coil “A” is much broader than the path back to the magnet, the flux flows through coil “A”, generating output power in the load connected to coil “A”. This results in situation where one input pulse generates two separate output pulses. It should be possible to make the drive circuitry the load of, say, coil “B” and have the device self-powered as well as powering load “A”, as shown here:  Using diodes, it should be possible to combine the outputs from the two output coils if that is preferred. It is not necessary to make the device self-powered, especially in the prototype testing stages. If it is self-powered, then it can be started by waving a permanent magnet across the coil “C” to generate the starting pulse. Richard Willis. On 28th May 2009 a European Patent application was filed by Richard Willis, entitled "Electrical Generator". During a TV interview, Richard stated that his design has COP=3600.  Available commercially from his Canadian company and sold under the name "Magnacoster", early in 2010 his advertised pricing is US $4,200 for a unit which has four separate 100 amp 12V outputs, giving a combined maximum output power of 4.8 kilowatts. A larger unit is priced at US $6,000 with four separate 24V outlets providing a 9 kilowatt combined output. The house-powering unit which is supplied with a 12 kilowatt inverter to provide mains AC power and which gets connected direct to the circuit-breaker box of the house, is priced at US $15,000. One particularly interesting statement made by Richard is that the output power is at a higher frequency than the input power. He suggests that the electrical signal bounces around inside the device, multiplying the power as it goes and giving the output higher voltage and higher current than the input. The design of the device is most interesting as it is very simple. It is shown in his patent application WO 2009065219, a somewhat reworded copy of which is included in the Appendix to this eBook. Richard's web site is here. However, while Richard’s designs do indeed work, he appears to be experiencing problems with the output wiring melting due to the very high current, and more importantly, the generation of high levels of unwanted electromagnetic radiation. These problems appear to have prevented him from supplying any commercial units at this time. The circuit is based on a pulsed coil and two magnets and it has a number of unusual features. The power supply is unusual:  Richard arranges it like this so that either DC or AC can be used as the input power and so he follows that arrangement with a diode bridge, followed by two more diodes as shown here:  This is an interesting arrangement when the input is DC as it would be a more usual arrangement to have the diode bridge only in the AC input section and not included for the DC input where it j ust drops the input voltage and wastes electrical power unnecessarily. Still, that is the way it is shown in the patent, so that is the way it is shown here. The input power supply is fed to an electromagnet but is converted into a pulsed supply by the use of an interrupter switch which may be mechanical or electronic:  As can be seen, the arrangement is particularly simple although it is an unusual configuration with the electromagnet core touching one of the permanent magnets and not the other. The magnet and electromagnet poles are important, with the permanent magnet North poles pointing towards the electromagnet and when the electromagnet is powered up, it's South pole is towards the North pole of the permanent magnet which it is touching. This means that when the electromagnet is powered up, it's magnetic field strengthens the magnetic field of that magnet. There is a one-centimetre gap at the other end of the electromagnet and it's North pole opposes the North pole of the second permanent magnet. With this arrangement, each electromagnet pulse has a major magnetic effect on the area between the two permanent magnets. In the diagram shown above, just a few turns of wire are shown on the electromagnet core. This is just for clarity and it does not mean that only a few turns should be used. The strength of the magnets, the electromagnet wire thickness and number of turns are related to each other and experimentation will be needed to determine the best combination. The energy take-off from this device is shown here:  Richard states that the input power can be anywhere from under one volt to one million volts while the input current can be anything from under one amp to one million amps, so he clearly envisages a major range of constructions and components. The core material for the electromagnet is specified as ferrite, mumetal, permalloy, cobalt or any non-permeable metal material. It seems likely that iron filings embedded in epoxy resin is likely to be a suitable material as it can respond very rapidly to sharp pulses and it seems clear that in common with almost every other similar free-energy device, the rapidity of rise and fall of the power pulse is of major importance. Having said that, Richard states that the frequency of pulses in the output section is greater than the frequency of pulses applied to the input section. From this it seems likely that the device should be tuned so that the input pulses should be at a lower harmonic of the resonant frequency of the device. It is worth reading Richard's full description which is near the end of the Appendix. A second version of the circuit looks like a modification of the John Bedini pulsed rotor battery charging circuit with a rotor substituting for the second permanent magnet:  This enhances the operation of the Bedini device by providing an initial magnetic field in the coil. Silverhealtheu. One of the EVGRAY yahoo forum members whose ID is ‘silverhealtheu’ has described a simple device which appears to be not unlike the Richard Willis generator above.  The device consists of an iron bar one inch (25 mm) in diameter and one foot (300 mm) long. At one end, there is a stack of five neodymium magnets and at the opposite end, a single neodymium magnet. At the end with the five magnets, there is a coil of wire which is strongly pulsed by a drive circuit. Down the length of the bar, a series of pick-up coils are positioned. Each of these coils picks up the same level of power that is fed to the pulsing coil and the combined output is said to exceed the input power. Stephan W. Leben. There is an interesting video posted on YouTube here where a contributor whose ID is "TheGuru2You" posts some really interesting information. He starts with a circuit produced by Alexander Meissner in 1913 and shown here:  Stephan states that he has built this circuit and can confirm that it is a self-resonating powering circuit. Once a twelve volt supply is connected to the input terminals, the transistor switches on powering the transformer which feeds repeating pulses to the base of the transistor, sustaining the oscillations. The rate of oscillation is governed by the capacitor marked "C" in the circuit diagram above and the coil across which it is connected.  Interestingly, if that capacitor is replaced by an electrolyser (which is effectively a capacitor with the water forming the dielectric between the plates of the capacitor), then the frequency of the circuit automatically adjusts to the resonant frequency of the electrolyser and it is suggested that this system should be able to perform electrolysis of water requiring only a low power input and automatically slaving itself to the varying resonant frequency of the electrolyser. As far as I am aware, this has not been confirmed, however, the voltage pulsers designed by John Bedini do slave themselves automatically to their load, whether it is a battery being charged, or an electrolyser performing electrolysis. Stephan then suggests combining Alexander Meissner's circuit with Charles Flynn's magnetic amplification circuit. Here the transformer is switched to become the Charles Flynn oscillator winding plus a second winding placed alongside for magnetic coupling as shown here:  The transistor stage would be self-oscillating as before, the transformer now being made up of the red and blue coil windings. This oscillation would also oscillate the Flynn magnetic frame, producing an electrical output via the black coils at each end of the magnetic frame. This is, of course, an oscillating, or AC output, so the four diodes would produce a full-wave rectified (pulsating) DC current which is smoothed by the capacitor connected to the diodes. This circuit could be started by touching a 12 volt source very briefly to the output terminals on the right. An alternative would be to wave a permanent magnet close to the red and blue coils as that would generate a voltage in the coils, quite sufficient to start the system oscillating and so, becoming self-sustaining. Stephan suggests using the piezo crystal from a lighter and connecting it to an extra coil to produce the necessary voltage spike when the coil is held close to the blue coil and the lighter mechanism clicked. A surprising problem would be how to switch the device off since it runs itself. To manage this, Stephan suggests a two-pole On/Off switch to disconnect the output and prevent it supplying the input section of the circuit. To show whether or not the circuit is running, a Light-Emitting Diode ("LED") is connected across the output and the current flowing through it limited by a resistor of about 820 ohms. Anyone wanting to try replicating this device will need to experiment with the number of turns in each coil and the wire diameter needed to carry the desired current. Stephan states that you need to have at least twice the weight of copper in the (black) output coils as there is in the (blue) input coils in order to allow the device produce excess power. The first page of the Appendix shows the current carrying capacity for each of the standard wire diameters commonly offered for sale. As this is a fairly recently released circuit, I am not aware of any replications of it at this time. Floyd Sweet’s VTA. Another device in the same category of permanent magnets with energised coils round it (and very limited practical information available) was produced by Floyd Sweet. The device was dubbed “Vacuum Triode Amplifier” or “VTA” by Tom Bearden and the name has stuck, although it does not appear to be a particularly accurate description. The device was capable of producing more than 1 kW of output power at 120 Volts, 60 Hz and is self-powered. The output is energy which resembles electricity in that it powers motors, lamps, etc. but as the power increases through any load there is a temperature drop instead of the expected temperature rise. When it became known that he had produced the device he became the target of serious threats, some of which were delivered face-to-face in broad daylight. It is quite possible that the concern was due to the device tapping zero-point energy, which when done at high currents opens a whole new can of worms. One of the observed characteristics of the device was that when the current was increased, the measured weight of the apparatus reduced by about a pound. While this is hardly new, it suggests that space/time was being warped. The German scientists at the end of WWII had been experimenting with this (and killing off the unfortunate people who were used to test the system) - if you have considerable perseverance, you can read up on this in Nick Cook’s inexpensive book “The Hunt for Zero-Point” ISBN 0099414988. Floyd found that the weight of his device reduced in proportion to the amount of energy being produced. But he found that if the load was increased enough, a point was suddenly reached where a loud sound like a whirlwind was produced, although there was no movement of the air. The sound was heard by his wife Rose who was in another room of their apartment and by others outside the apartment. Floyd did not increase the load further (which is just as well as he would probably have received a fatal dose of radiation if he had) and did not repeat the test. In my opinion, this is a dangerous device and I personally, would not recommend anyone attempting to build one. It should be noted that a highly lethal 20,000 Volts is used to ‘condition’ the magnets and the principles of operation are not understood at this time. Also, there is insufficient information to hand to provide realistic advice on practical construction details. On one occasion, Floyd accidentally short-circuited the output wires. There was a bright flash and the wires became covered with frost. It was noted that when the output load was over 1 kW, the magnets and coils powering the device became colder, reaching a temperature of 20 degrees Fahrenheit below room temperature. On one occasion, Floyd received a shock from the apparatus with the current flowing between the thumb and the small finger of one hand. The result was an injury akin to frostbite, causing him considerable pain for at least two weeks. Observed characteristics of the device include: 1. The output voltage does not change when the output power is increased from 100W to 1 kW. 2. The device needs a continuous load of at least 25W. 3. The output falls in the early hours of the morning but recovers later on without any intervention. 4. A local earthquake can stop the device operating. 5. The device can be started in self-powered mode by briefly applying 9 Volts to the drive coils. 6. The device can be stopped by momentary interruption of the power to the power coils. 7. Conventional instruments operate normally up to an output of 1 kW but stop working above that output level, with their readings showing zero or some other spurious reading. Information is limited, but it appears that Floyd’s device was comprised of one or two large ferrite permanent magnets (grade 8, size 150 mm x 100 mm x 25 mm) with coils wound in three planes mutually at right angles to each other (i.e. in the x, y and z axes). The magnetisation of the ferrite magnets is modified by suddenly applying 20,000 volts from a bank of capacitors (510 Joules) or more to plates on each side of it while simultaneously driving a 1 Amp 60 Hz (or 50 Hz) alternating current through the energising coil. The alternating current should be at the frequency required for the output. The voltage pulse to the plates should be applied at the instant when the ‘A’ coil voltage reaches a peak. This needs to be initiated electronically. It is said that the powering of the plates causes the magnetic material to resonate for a period of about fifteen minutes, and that the applied voltage in the energising coil modifies the positioning of the newly formed poles of the magnet so that it will in future, resonate at that frequency and voltage. It is important that the voltage applied to the energising coil in this ‘conditioning’ process be a perfect sinewave. Shock, or outside influence can destroy the ‘conditioning’ but it can be reinstated by repeating the conditioning process. It should be noted that the conditioning process may not be successful at the first attempt but repeating the process on the same magnet is usually successful. Once conditioning is completed, the capacitors are no longer needed. The device then only needs a few milliwatts of 60 Hz applied to the input coil to give up to 1.5 kW at 60 Hz at the output coil. The output coil can then supply the input coil indefinitely. The conditioning process modifies the magnetisation of the ferrite slab. Before the process the North pole is on one face of the magnet and the South pole on the opposite face. After conditioning, the South pole does not stop at the mid point but extends to the outer edges of the North pole face, extending inwards from the edge by about 6 mm. Also, there is a magnetic ‘bubble’ created in the middle of the North pole face and the position of this ‘bubble’ moves when another magnet is brought near it. The conditioned slab has three coil windings: 1. The ‘A’ coil is wound first around the outer perimeter, each turn being 150 + 100 + 150 + 100 = 500 mm long (plus a small amount caused by the thickness of the coil former material). It has about 600 turns of 28 AWG (0.3 mm) wire. 2. The ‘B’ coil is wound across the 100 mm faces, so one turn is about 100 + 25 + 100 + 25 = 250 mm (plus a small amount for the former thickness and clearing coil ‘A’). It has between 200 and 500 turns of 20 AWG (1 mm) wire. 3. The ‘C’ coil is wound along the 150 mm face, so one turn is 150 + 25 + 150 + 25 = 350 mm (plus the former thickness, plus clearance for coil ‘A’ and coil ‘B’). It has between 200 and 500 turns of 20 AWG (1 mm) wire and should match the resistance of coil ‘B’ as closely as possible. Coil ‘A’ is the input coil. Coil ‘B’ is the output coil. Coil ‘C’ is used for the conditioning and for the production of gravitational effects.  Videos of the operation of the original prototype are available for sale on DVD from Tom Beardon's website as he recorded both of these videos. A paper by Michael Watson gives much practical information. For example, he states that an experimental set up which he made, had the ‘A’ coil with a resistance of 70 ohms and an inductance of 63 mH, the ‘B’ coil, wound with 23 AWG wire with a resistance of 4.95 ohms and an inductance of 1.735 mH, and the ‘C’ coil, also wound with 23 AWG wire, with a resistance of 5.05 ohms and an inductance of 1.78 mH. Recently, some additional information on Floyd Sweet's device, has been released publicly by an associate of Floyd's who goes just by his first name of "Maurice" and who, having reached the age of seventy has decided that it is time to release this additional information. That information can be found in the Appendix. I am not aware of anybody managing to replicate this device of Floyd Sweet. Dan Davidson. Dan has produced a system rather similar to the ‘MEG’. His system is different in that he uses an acoustic device to vibrate a magnet which forms the core of a transformer. This is said to increase the output by a substantial amount. His arrangement looks like this:  Dan’s patent is in the Appendix and it gives details of the types of acoustic transducers which are suitable for this generator design. Pavel Imris. Pavel was awarded a US patent in the 1970’s. The patent is most interesting in that it describes a device which can have an output power which is more than nine times greater than the input power. He achieves this with a device which has two pointed electrodes enclosed in a quartz glass envelope which contains xenon gas under pressure (the higher the pressure, the greater the gain of the device) and a dielectric material.  Here, the power supply to one or more standard fluorescent lamps is passed through the device. This produces a power gain which can be spectacular when the gas pressure in the area marked ‘24’ and ‘25’ in the above diagram is high. The patent is included in this set of documents and it contains the following table of experimental measurements: Table 1 shows the data to be obtained relating to the optical electrostatic generator. Table 2 shows the lamp performance and efficiency for each of the tests shown in Table 1. The following is a description of the data in each of the columns of Tables 1 and 2.    The results from Test No. 24 where the gas pressure is a very high 5,000 Torr, show that the input power for each 40-watt standard fluorescent tubes is 0.9 watts for full lamp output. In other words, each lamp is working to its full specification on less than one fortieth of its rated input power. However, the power taken by the device in that test was 333.4 watts which with the 90 watts needed to run the 100 lamps, gives a total input electrical power of 423.4 watts instead of the 4,000 watts which would have been needed without the device. That is an output power of more than nine times the input power. From the point of view of any individual lamp, without using this device, it requires 40 watts of electrical input power to give 8.8 watts of light output which is an efficiency of about 22% (the rest of the input power being converted to heat). In test 24, the input power per lamp is 0.9 watts for the 8.8 watts of light produced, which is a lamp efficiency of more than 900%. The lamp used to need 40 watts of input power to perform correctly. With this device in the circuit, each lamp only needs 0.9 watts of input power which is only 2.25% of the original power. Quite an impressive performance for so simple a device! Michael Ognyanov’s Self-powered Power Pack. A patent application US 3,766,094 (shown in detail in an accompanying document) gives the details of an interesting device. While it is only an application and not a full patent, the information implies strongly that Michael built and tested many of these devices. While the power output is low, the design is of considerable interest. It is possible that the device works from picking up the output from many radio stations, although it does not have anything which is intended to be an aerial. It would be interesting to test the device, first, with a telescopic aerial added to it, and second, placed in an earthed metal box. The device is constructed by casting a small block of a mixture of semiconductor materials such as Selenium with, from 4.85% to 5.5% Tellurium, from 3.95% to 4.2% Germanium, from 2.85% to 3.2% Neodymium, and from 2.0% to 2.5% Gallium. The resulting block is shaped with a dome on one face which is contacted by a short, pointed metal probe. When this arrangement is fed briefly with an oscillating signal, typically in the f requency range of 5.8 to 18 Mhz, it becomes self-powered and can supply electric current to external equipment. The construction is as shown here:  The circuit used with this component is shown as:  Presumably the output power would be increased by using full-wave rectification of the oscillations rather than the half-wave rectification shown. Michael says that increasing the dimensions of the unit increases the output power. The small unit shown in this example of his, has been shown to be able to provide flashing power for an incandescent lamp of up to 250 mA current requirement. While this is not a large power output, it is interesting that the output is obtained without any apparent input. Michael speculates that the very short connecting wires may act as radio reception aerials. If that is the case, then the output is impressive for such tiny aerials. The Michael Meyer and Yves Mace Isotopic Generator. There is a French patent application number FR2680613 dated 19th August 1991 entitled “Activateur pour Mutation Isotopique” which provides some very interesting information. The system described is a self-contained solid-state energy converter which abstracts large amounts of energy from an ordinary iron bar. The inventors describes the technique as an “isotopic mutation effect” as it converts ordinary iron (isotope 56) to isotope 54 iron, releasing large amounts of electrical energy in the process. This excess energy can, they say, be used to drive inverters, motors or generators. The description of the mechanism which is being used by the device is: “the present invention uses a physical phenomenon to which we draw attention and which we will call ‘Isotopic Change’. The physical principle applies to isotope 56 iron which contains 26 protons, 26 electrons and 30 neutrons, giving a total mass of 56.52 Mev, although its actual mass is 55.80 Mev. The difference between the total mass and the actual mass is therefore 0.72 Mev this which corresponds to an energy of cohesion per nucleon of 0.012857 Mev. So, If one introduces an additional 105 ev of energy to the iron core isotope 56, that core isotope will have a cohesion energy level of 0.012962 Mev per nucleon corresponding to iron isotope 54. The instability created by this contribution of energy will transfer the isotope 56 iron to isotope 54 causing a release of 2 neutrons. This process generates an excess energy of 20,000 ev since the iron isotope 54 is only 0.70 Mev while isotope 56 has 0.72 Mev. To bring about this iron isotope 56 conversion, we use the principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.” The practical method for doing this is by using three coils of wire and a magnetic-path-closing support frame of iron as shown in this diagram:  In this arrangement, Coil 1: Produces 0.5 Tesla when fed with DC, converting the iron bar into an electromagnet Coil 2: Produces 10 milli-Tesla when fed with a 21 MHz AC sinewave signal Coil 3: Is the output coil, providing 110, 220 or 380 volts AC at about 400 Hz depending on the number of turns in the coil This simple and cheap system has the potential for producing substantial energy output for a very long time. The inventors claim that this device can be wired to be self-powered, while still powering external devices. Coil 1 turns the iron rod into an electromagnet with it’s flux channelled in a loop by the iron yoke. Coil 2 then oscillates that magnetic field in resonance with the isotope 56 iron atoms in the rod, and this produces the isotope conversion and release of excess energy. Coil 3 is wound to produce a convenient output voltage. The Colman / Seddon-Gilliespie Generator. This device, patented by Harold Colman and Ronald Seddon-Gillespie on 5th December 1956, is quite remarkable. It is a tiny lightweight device which can produce electricity using a self-powered electromagnet and chemical salts. The working life of the device before needing refurbishment is estimated at some seventy years with an output of about one kilowatt. The operation is controlled by a transmitter which bombards the chemical sample with 300 MHz radio waves. This produces radioactive emissions from the chemical mixture for a period of one hour maximum, so the transmitter needs to be run for fifteen to thirty seconds once every hour. The chemical mixture is shielded by a lead screen to prevent harmful radiation reaching the user. The patent, GB 763,062 is included in the Appendix. This generator unit includes a magnet, a tube containg a chemical mixture of elements whose nuclei becomes unstable as a result of bombardment by short waves so that the elements become radio-active and release electrical energy, the mixture being mounted between, and in contact with, a pair of different metals such as copper and zinc, and a capacitor mounted between those metals. The mixture is preferably composed of the elements Cadmium, Phosphorus and Cobalt having Atomic Weights of 112, 31 and 59 respectively. The mixture, which may be of powdered form, is mounted in a tube of non- conducting, high heat resistivity material and is compressed between granulated zinc at one end of the tube and granulated copper at the other end, the ends of the tube being closed by brass caps and the tube being carried in a suitable cradle so that it is located between the poles of the magnet. The magnet is preferably an electro- magnet and is energised by the current produced by the unit. The transmitter unit which is used for activating the generator unit may be of any conventional type operating on ultra-shortwave and is preferably crystal controlled at the desired frequency.   The transmitter unit is of any suitable conventional type for producing ultra shortwaves and may be crystal controlled to ensure that it operates at the desired frequency with the necessity of tuning. The quartz tube containing the chemical mixture, works best if made up of a number of small cells in series. In other words, considering the cartridge from one end to the other, at one end and in contact with the brass cap, there would be a layer of powdered copper, then a layer of the chemical mixture, then a layer of powdered zinc, a layer of powdered copper, etc. with a layer of powdered zinc in contact with the brass cap at the other end of the cartridge. With a cartridge some forty five millimetres long and five millimetres diameter, some fourteen cells may be included.  Hans Coler. Hans Coler developed a device which he named the “Stromerzeuger” which consisted of an arrangement of magnets, flat coils and copper plates with a primary circuit powered by a small battery. The output from the secondary circuit was used to light a bank of lamps and it was claimed that the output power was many times the input power and to continue indefinitely. The apparatus principally consists of two parallel connected spools which being bi-filarly wound in a special way, are magnetically linked together. One of these spools is composed of copper sheets (the spool is called the ‘plate spool’). The other one is made of a number of thin parallel connected isolated wires (called ‘spool winding’), running parallel to the plates, at small intervals. Both spools can be fed by separate batteries (6 Volt, 6.5 AHr were used). At least two batteries are needed to get the apparatus operating, but subsequently, one battery can be removed. The spools are arranged in two halves each by the bi-filar windings. The plate spool also contains iron rods with silver wire connections. These rods are magnetised by a special battery through exciter windings. Electrically, the exciter winding is completely isolated from the other windings. Hans said that the production of energy takes place principally in these iron rods and the winding of the spools plays an essential part in the process. It should be mentioned that the spool circuit is powered up first. Initially, it took a current of 104 mA. The plates and exciter circuits are then switched on simultaneously. When this is done, the current in the spool circuit dropped from 104 mA to about 27 mA. It is suggested that an electron be not only regarded as a negatively charged particle but also as a South magnetic pole. The basic Stromerzeuger element is that of an open secondary circuit, capacity loaded, inductively coupled to a primary circuit. The novel feature is that the capacities are connected to the secondary core through permanent magnets as shown here:  It is claimed that on switching on the primary circuit, “separation of charges” takes place with M1 becoming positively charged and M2 becoming negatively charged and that these charges are “magnetically polarised” when they formed, owing to the presence of the magnets. When the primary circuit is switched off, a “reversing current” flows in the secondary but the magnets “do not exert a polarising effect on this reversal”. Two of the basic elements shown above are placed together making a double stage arrangement with the copper plates close together (presumably as capacitor plates):  The secondary windings are both exactly equal and wound in a direction such that, on switching the primary coil on, the electrons in the secondary coil flow from P1 to P2 and from F1 to F2. This is the basic working arrangement. More of these double stages can be added to provide higher outputs. Robert Norrby’s Generator Another device which is thought to be along the same lines as the high-power devices of Hans Coler is shown in an early patent which is reproduced here: I, Robert NORRBY, of 10, Hamngatan, Stockholm, subject of the King of Sweden, do hereby declare the nature of this invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement: The generation of high power electrical energy is usually effected by mechanical interruption by means of special and complicated arrangements which consume a considerable amount of power. According to the present invention, electrical energy is generated not through mechanical interruption, or by chemical action but through physical interruption. The method adopted consists in effecting the interruption required in order to obtain the cutting of the field of the lines of force of two current circuits by subjecting the conductors of the one circuit to the action of the alternate poles of magnets of which the cores are connected with the conductors of the same current. One form of apparatus for carrying. out the method is shown by way of illustration or example, in the drawings hereto appended whereon:  Fig.1 is a perspective view of a section of the apparatus taken on the line A—B of Fig.2.  Fig.2 is a face view of the central part of the apparatus.  Fig.3 is a section along the line C—D of Fig.2.  Fig.4 and Fig.4a show the connections between the plates and the magnet cores, — Fig.4 being a view looking in the direction of the arrow E and Fig.4a a view looking in the direction of the arrow F of Fig.1.  Fig.5 is a diagrammatic representation of the connections between the different plates c of the apparatus. Fig.6 is a diagrammatic representation of the way in which the windings are wound between the plates. Referring to the drawings: Here, a represents a base on which are two sets of frames b and between the frames b, are laid conducting metal plates c. In the example selected for illustration, there are 14 plates on each side. Over the plates are windings d, so placed that the positive of the winding d is led from a low power battery e over the lowest pair of plates to the third pair and so on. The negative of the winding d goes to the second pair of plates and from there to the fourth, and so on (Fig.6). Between the two groups of frames there is a central piece g (Fig.2) provided with a number of sliding contacts h which are connected with magnet cores k surrounded by windings l. The contacts h are placed directly opposite the contacts i, and these are also connected with the separate plates c. In addition to the sliding contacts hthere are terminals m fitted at the outer ends on the front of the central piece. The terminals m serve to bring in a low power electric current from another battery. The plates c are electrically connected with one another through a third low power battery o, in such a manner that the negative conducting wire goes to the first pair of plates, then to the third, the fifth, and so on, while the positive goes to the second, the fourth, the sixth, etc. pair of plates. Each pair of oppositely disposed plates are further connected by means of conductors p. The end wires of each pair of plates are connected with similar poles to the end wires of the plate windings d, so that the circuits of the batteries are coupled in parallel, but in opposite directions. The separate plates, as for example c, are connected by conducting wires q with the terminals, or with the sliding contacts, on both sides of the centre piece g (Fig.4 and Fig.4a). Between the two inner sides of the groups of frames b there is fitted a central piece in such a way that the terminals h are in contact with the sliding contacts i.  In the central piece (Fig.2) a portion r is broken out to show that the cores with the windings are fitted directly opposite one another on both sides. The windings Iround the magnet cores k are fed from a low power current battery s. A conductor passes from the battery s to the connecting terminal m and from there through the windings of the bobbins on the one side and then through the opening t to the other side of the central piece g, whence it goes through the windings of the bobbins on that side and then from the last bobbin back to the battery, thereby completing the circuit. The pole cores are therefore constantly in a closed circuit as soon as the switch u of Fig.4a is closed. The mode of operation is as follows:- The pairs of plates are first and foremost in electrical connection one with another, being fed by the low power battery o. The windings d over the plates are fed by a low power battery e, and lastly the windings l round the cores k are connected to a low power battery s. The separate pairs of plates, which are polarised through the battery o, are fitted with opposite poles over each other, while the windings d (Fig.6) are arranged in a direction contrary to the direction of the current from the battery o. If all three batteries are coupled up, the currents from them in the closed circuits, which are hereafter named according to the respective battery o, c and s, will behave in the following way: The currents o and e, which flow in contrary directions as already mentioned, bring about a constant state of tension between the field of the lines of force of the plate current and of the current in the windings. The constant tension is interrupted with very high frequency through the action of the magnet poles as soon as the third circuit is closed and the energy latent in the plates (rising up from below) is released through the high frequency interruptions. An increase of the final energy can be obtained be enlarging the size of the plates and/or by increasing their number. The current consumers are connected to the current generator in such a way that the line conductor is connected to the end terminals of the current circuits o ande which are brought together for the purpose. Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is:— 1. A. method of generating electric energy without mechanical interruption, characterised in that the interruption required to cut the field of the lines of force of both current circuits is effected by alternately exposing the conductors of the one circuit to the action of the poles of magnets whose cores are in connection with the conductors of the same circuit. 2. Apparatus for carrying; out the method claimed in Claim 1, having the characteristic feature that a set of plates, arranged with their poles opposite to one another and in electrical connection through one with another with a low power current battery, lie between winding's which are supplied, from another low power battery, with current flowing in a direction opposite to the direction of the current passing through the plates: while at the same time, the plates are also in connection with the cores of magnets of which the windings are connected with a third low power current. in such a manner that when all the three circuits are closed the tension of the first circuit is physically interrupted with high frequency. Dated this 29th day of May, 1920.  Don Smith. One of most impressive developers of free-energy devices is Don Smith who has produced many spectacular things, generally with major power output. These are a result of his in-depth knowledge and understanding of the way that the environment works. Don says that his understanding comes from the work of Nikola Tesla as recorded in Thomas C. Martin's book "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla" ISBN 0-7873-0582-0 available fromhttp://www.healthresearchbooks.com and various other book companies. This book can be downloaded from http://www.free-energy-info.com. Don states that he repeated each of the experiments found in the book and that gave him his understanding of what he prefers to describe as the 'ambient background energy' which is called the 'zero-point energy field' elsewhere in this eBook. Don remarks that he has now advanced further than Tesla in this field, partly because of the devices now available to him and which were not available when Tesla was alive. Don stresses two key points. Firstly, a dipole can cause a disturbance in the magnetic component of the 'ambient background' and that imbalance allows you to collect large amounts of electrical power, using capacitors and inductors (coils). Secondly, you can pick up as many powerful electrical outputs as you want from that one magnetic disturbance, without depleting the magnetic disturbance in any way. This allows massively more power output than the small power needed to create the magnetic disturbance in the first place. This is what produces a COP>1 device and Don has created nearly fifty different devices based on that understanding. Although they get removed quite frequently, there is one video which was recorded 2006 and it covers a good deal of what Don has done. In the video, reference is made to Don's website but you will find that it has been taken over by Big Oil who have filled it with innocuous similar-sounding things of no consequence, apparently intended to confuse newcomers. A website which is run by Conny Öström of Sweden is here and it has brief details of his prototypes and theory. You will find the only document of his which I could locate, presented as a downloadable pdf document here and it contains the following patent on a most interesting device which appears to have no particular limit on the output power. This is a slightly re-worded copy of that patent as patents are generally worded in a way which makes them difficult to understand. Patent NL 02000035 A 20th May 2004
Inventor: Donald Lee Smith
TRANSFORMER GENERATOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE INTO The present invention refers to an Electromagnetic Dipole Device and Method, where wasted radiated energy is transformed into useful energy. A Dipole as seen in Antenna Systems is adapted for use with capacitor plates in such a way that the Heaviside Current Component becomes a useful source of electrical energy. DESCRIPTION Technical Field: This invention relates to loaded Dipole Antenna Systems and their Electromagnetic radiation. When used as a transformer with an appropriate energy collector system, it becomes a transformer/generator. The invention collects and converts energy which is radiated and wasted by conventional devices. Background Art: A search of the International Patent Database for closely related methods did not reveal any prior art with an interest in conserving radiated and wasted magnetic waves as useful energy. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The invention is a new and useful departure from transformer generator construction, such that radiated and wasted magnetic energy changes into useful electrical energy. Gauss meters show that much energy from conventional electromagnetic devices is radiated into the ambient background and wasted. In the case of conventional transformer generators, a radical change in the physical construction allows better access to the energy available. It is found that creating a dipole and inserting capacitor plates at right angles to the current flow, allows magnetic waves to change back into useful electrical (coulombs) energy. Magnetic waves passing through the capacitor plates do not degrade and the full impact of the available energy is accessed. One, or as many sets of capacitor plates as is desired, may be used. Each set makes an exact copy of the full force and effect of the energy present in the magnetic waves. The originating source is not depleted of degraded as is common in conventional transformers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The Dipole at right angles, allows the magnetic flux surrounding it to intercept the capacitor plate, or plates, at right angles. The electrons present are spun such that the electrical component of each electron is collected by the capacitor plates. Essential parts are the South and North component of an active Dipole. Examples presented here exist as fully functional prototypes and were engineer constructed and fully tested in use by the Inventor. In each of the three examples shown in the drawings, corresponding parts are used.  Fig.1 is a View of the Method, where N is the North and S is the South component of the Dipole. Here, 1 marks the Dipole with its North and South components. 2 is a resonant high-voltage induction coil. 3 indicates the position of the electromagnetic wave emission from the Dipole. 4 indicates the position and flow direction of the corresponding Heaviside current component of the energy flow caused by the induction coil 2. 5 is the dielectric separator for the capacitor plates 7. 6 for the purposes of this drawing, indicates a virtual limit for the scope of the electromagnetic wave energy.  Fig.2 has two parts A and B. In Fig.2A 1 is the hole in the capacitor plates through which the Dipole is inserted and in Fig.2B it is the Dipole with its North and South poles shown. 2 is the resonant high-voltage induction coil surrounding part of the Dipole 1. The dielectric separator 5, is a thin sheet of plastic placed between the two capacitor plates 7, the upper plate being made of aluminium and the lower plate made of copper. Unit 8 is a deep-cycle battery system powering a DC inverter 9 which produces 120 volts at 60 Hz (the US mains supply voltage and frequency, obviously, a 240 volt 50 Hz inverter could be used here just as easily) which is used to power whatever equipment is to be driven by the device. The reference number 10 just indicates connecting wires. Unit 11 is a high-voltage generating device such as a neon transformer with its oscillating power supply.  Fig.3 is a Proof Of Principal Device using a Plasma Tube as an active Dipole. In this drawing, 5 is the plastic sheet dielectric separator of the two plates 7 of the capacitor, the upper plate being aluminium and the lower plate copper. The connecting wires are marked 10 and the plasma tube is designated 15. The plasma tube is four feet long (1.22 m) and six inches (150 mm) in diameter. The high-voltage energy source for the active plasma dipole is marked 16 and there is a connector box 17 shown as that is a convenient method of connecting to the capacitor plates when running tests on the device.  Fig.4 shows a Manufacturer's Prototype, constructed and fully tested. 1 is a metal Dipole rod and 2 the resonant high-voltage induction coil, connected through wires 10 to connector block 17 which facilitates the connection of it's high-voltage power supply. Clamps 18 hold the upper edge of the capacitor packet in place and 19 is the base plate with it's supporting brackets which hold the whole device in place. 20 is a housing which contains the capacitor plates and 21 is the point at which the power output from the capacitor plates is drawn off and fed to the DC inverter. BEST METHOD OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The invention is applicable to any and all electrical energy requirements. The small size and it's high efficiency make it an attractive option, especially for remote areas, homes, office buildings, factories, shopping centres, public places, transportation, water systems, electric trains, boats, ships and 'all things great and small'. The construction materials are commonly available and only moderate skill levels are needed to make the device. CLAIMS
This patent does not make it clear that the device needs to be tuned and that the tuning is related to its physical location. The tuning will be accomplished by applying a variable-frequency input signal to the neon transformer and adjusting that input frequency to give the maximum output. Don Smith has produced some forty eight different devices, and because he understands that the real power in the universe is magnetic and not electric, these devices have performances which appear staggering to people trained to think that electrical power is the only source of power. The device shown below is also physically quite small and yet it has an output of 160 kilowatts (8000 volts at 20 amps) from an input of 12 volts 1 amp (COP = 13,333):  This is a device which can be placed on top of a table and is not a complicated form of construction, having a very open and simplistic layout. However, some components are not mounted on this board. The twelve volt battery and connecting leads are not shown, nor is the ground connection, the step-down isolation transformer and the varistor used to protect the load from over-voltage by absorbing any random voltage spikes which might occur, but more of these things later on when a much more detailed description of this device is given. Another of Don's devices is shown here:  This is a larger device which uses a plasma tube four feet (1.22 m) long and 6 inches (150 mm) in diameter. The output is a massive 100 kilowatts. This is the design shown as one of the options in Don's patent. Being an Electrical Engineer, none of Don's prototypes are in the "toy" category. If nothing else is taken from Don's work, we should realise that high power outputs can be had from very simple devices. There is one other brief document "Resonate Electrical Power System" from Don Smith which says: Potential Energy us everywhere at all times, becoming useful when converted into a more practical form. There is no energy shortage, only grey matter. This energy potential is observed indirectly through the manifestation of electromagnetic phenomenon, when intercepted and converted, becomes useful. In nonlinear systems, interaction of magnetic waves amplify (conjugate) energy, providing greater output than input. In simple form, in the piano where three strings are struck by the hammer, the centre one is impacted and resonance activates the side strings. Resonance between the three strings provides a sound level greater than the input energy. Sound is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and is subject to all that is applicable to it. "Useful Energy" is defined as "that which is other than Ambient". "Electric Potential" relates to mass and it's acceleration. Therefore, the Earth's Mass and Speed through space, gives it an enormous electrical potential. Humans are like the bird sitting unaware on a high voltage line. in nature, turbulence upsets ambient and we see electrical displays. Tampering with ambient, allows humans to convert magnetic waves into useful electricity. Putting this in focus, requires a look at the Earth in general. Each minute of each day (1,440 minutes), more than 4,000 displays of lightning occur. Each display yields more than 10,000,000 volts at more than 200,000 amperes in equivalent electromagnetic flux. This is more than 57,600,000,000,000 volts and 1,152,000,000,000 amperes of electromagnetic flux during each 24 hour period. This has been going on for more than 4 billion years. The USPTO insist that the Earth's electrical field is insignificant and useless, and that converting this energy violates the laws of nature. At the same time, they issue patents in which, electromagnetic flux coming in from the Sun is converted by solar cells into DC energy. Aeromagnetic flux (in gammas) Maps World-Wide, includes those provided by the US Department of Interior-Geological Survey, and these show clearly that there is present, a spread of 1,900 gamma above Ambient, from reading instruments flown 1,000 feet above the (surface) source. Coulomb's Law requires the squaring of the distance of the remote reading, multiplied by the recorded reading. Therefore, that reading of 1,900 gamma has a corrected value of 1,900 x 1,000 x 1,000 = 1,900,000,000 gamma. There is a tendency to confuse "gamma ray" with "gamma". "Gamma" is ordinary, everyday magnetic flux, while "gamma ray" is high-impact energy and not flux. One gamma of magnetic flux is equal to that of 100 volts RMS. To see this, take a Plasma Globe emitting 40,000 volts. When properly used, a gamma meter placed nearby, will read 400 gammas. The 1,900,000,000 gamma just mentioned, is the magnetic ambient equivalent of 190,000,000 volts of electricity. This is on a "Solar Quiet" day. On "Solar Active" days it may exceed five times that amount. The Establishment's idea that the Earth's electrical field is insignificant, goes the way of their other great ideas. There are two kinds of electricity: "potential" and "useful". All electricity is "potential" until it is converted. The resonant-fluxing of electrons, activates the electrical potential which is present everywhere. The Intensity/CPS of the resonant-frequency-flux rate, sets the available energy. This must then be converted into the required physical dimensions of the equipment being used. For example, energy arriving from the Sun is magnetic flux, which solar cells convert to DC electricity, which is then converted further to suit the equipment being powered by it. Only the magnetic flux moves from point "A" (the Sun) to point "B" (the Earth). All electrical power systems work in exactly the same way. Movement of Coils and Magnets at point "A" (the generator) fluxes electrons, which in turn, excite electrons at point "B" (your house). None of the electrons at point "A" are ever transmitted to point "B". In both cases, the electrons remain forever intact and available for further fluxing. This is not allowed by Newtonian Physics (electrodynamics and the laws of conservation). Clearly, these laws are all screwed up and inadequate. In modern physics, USPTO style, all of the above cannot exist because it opens a door to overunity. The good news is that the PTO has already issued hundreds of Patents related to Light Amplification, all of which are overunity. The Dynode used to adjust the self-powered shutter in your camera, receives magnetic flux from light which dislodges electrons from the cathode, reflecting electrons through the dynode bridge to the anode, resulting in billions of more electrons out than in. There are currently, 297 direct patents issued for this system, and thousands of peripheral patents, all of which support overunity. More than a thousand other Patents which have been issued, can be seen by the discerning eye to be overunity devices. What does this indicate about Intellectual Honesty? Any coil system, when fluxed, causes electrons to spin and produce useful energy, once it is converted to the style required by its use. Now that we have described the method which is required, let us now see how this concerns us. The entire System already exists and all that we need to do is to hook it up in a way which is useful to our required manner of use. Let us examine this backwards and start with a conventional output transformer. Consider one which has the required voltage and current handling characteristics and which acts as an isolation transformer. Only the magnetic flux passes from the input winding to the output winding. No electrons pass through from the input side to the output side. Therefore, we only need to flux the output side of the transformer to have an electrical output. Bad design by the establishment, allowing hysteresis of the metal plates, limits the load which can be driven. Up to this point, only potential is a consideration. Heat (which is energy loss) limits the output amperage. Correctly designed composite cores run cool, not hot. A power correction factor system, being a capacitor bank, maintains an even flow of flux. These same capacitors, when used with a coil system (a transformer) become a frequency-timing system. Therefore, the inductance of the input side of the transformer, when combined with the capacitor bank, provides the required fluxing to produce the required electrical energy (cycles per second). With the downstream system in place, all that is needed now is a potential system. Any flux system will be suitable. Any amplification over-unity output type is desirable. The input system is point "A" and the output system is point "B". Any input system where a lesser amount of electrons disturbs a greater amount of electrons - producing an output which is greater than the input - is desirable. At this point, it is necessary to present updated information about electrons and the laws of physics. A large part of this, originates from me and so is likely to upset people who are rigidly set in the thought patterns of conventional science. As a source of electrical energy, non-ionic electrons doublets exist in immense quantities throughout the universe. Their origin is from the emanation of Solar Plasma. When ambient electrons are disturbed by being spun or pushed apart, they yield both magnetic and electrical energy. The rate of disturbance (cycling) determines the energy level achieved. Practical methods of disturbing them include, moving coils past magnets or vice versa. A better way is the pulsing (resonant induction) with magnetic fields and waves near coils. In coil systems, magnetic and amperage are one package. This suggests that electrons in their natural non-ionic state, exist as doublets. When pushed apart by agitation, one spins right (yielding Volts-potential electricity) and the other spins left (yielding Amperage-magnetic energy), one being more negative than the other. This further suggests that when they reunite, we have (Volts x Amps = Watts) useful electrical energy. Until now, this idea has been totally absent from the knowledge base. The previous definition of Amperage is therefore flawed.  Left hand spin of electrons results in Electrical Energy and right hand spin results in Magnetic Energy. Impacted electrons emit visible Light and heat. 
Don Smith's Suggestions: Get a copy of the "Handbook of Electronic Tables and Formulas", published by Sams, ISBN 0-672-22469-0, also an LCR meter is required. Chapter 1 in this book has important time constant (frequency) information and a set of reactance charts in nomograph style ("nomograph": a graph, usually containing three parallel scales graduated for different variables so that when a straight line connects values of any two, the related value may be read directly from the third at the point intersected by the line) which makes working, and approximating of the three variables (capacitance, inductance and resistance) much easier. If two of the variables are known, then the third one can be read from the nomograph. For example, if the input side of the isolation transformer needs to operate at 60 Hz, that is 60 positive cycles and 60 negative cycles, being a total of 120 cycles. Read off the inductance in Henries using the LCR meter attached to the input side of the isolation transformer. Plot this value on the (nomographic) reactance chart. Plot the needed 120 Hz on the chart and connect these two points with a straight line. Where this line crosses the Farads line and the Ohms line, gives us two values. Choose one (resistor) and insert it between the two leads of the transformer input winding. The Power Correction Factor Capacitor (or bank of more than one capacitor) now need adjusting. The following formula is helpful in finding this missing information. The capacitance is known, as is the desired potential to pulse the output transformer. One Farad of capacitance is one volt for one second (one Coulomb). Therefore, if we want to keep the bucket full with a certain amount, how many dippers full are needed? If the bucket needs 120 volts, then how many coulombs are required?  Now, go to the Nomograph mentioned above, and find the required resistor jumper to place between the poles of the Correction Factor Capacitor. A earth grounding is desirable as a voltage-limiter and transient spike control. Two are necessary, one at the Power Factor Capacitor and one at the input side of the isolation transformer. Off-the-shelf surge arrestors / spark gaps and varistors having the desired voltage/potential and amperage control are commonly available. Siemans, Citel America and others, make a full range of surge arrestors, etc. Varistors look like coin-sized flat capacitors. Any of these voltage limiters are marked as "V - 1" in the following text. It should be obvious that several separate closed circuits are present in the suggested configuration: The power input source, the high-voltage module, a power factor capacitor bank combined with the input side of the isolation transformer. Lastly, the output side of the isolation transformer and its load. None of the electrons active at the power source (battery) are passed through the system for use downstream. At any point, if the magnetic flux rate should happen to vary, then the number of active electrons also varies. Therefore, controlling the flux rate controls the electron (potential) activity. Electrons active at point "A" are not the same electrons active at point "B", or point "C", and so on. If the magnetic flux rate (frequency Hz) varies, then a different number of electrons will be disturbed. This does not violate any Natural Law and does produce more energy out than in should that be desirable. A convenient high-voltage module is a 12 volt DC neon tube transformer. The Power Factor Correction Capacitors should be as many microfarads as possible as this allows a lower operating frequency. The 12-volt neon tube transformer oscillates at about 30,000 Hz. At the Power Correction Factor Capacitor bank we lower the frequency to match the input side of the isolation transformer. Other convenient high-voltage sources are car ignition coils, television flyback transformers, laser printer modules, and various other devices. Always lower the frequency at the Power Factor Correction Capacitor and correct, if needed, at the input side of the isolation transformer. The isolation transformer comes alive when pulsed. Amperage becomes a part of the consideration only at the isolation transformer. Faulty design, resulting in hysteresis, creates heat which self- destructs the transformer if it is overloaded. Transformers which have a composite core instead of the more common cores made from many layers of thin sheets of soft iron, run cool and can tolerate much higher amperage.   The information shown above, relates to the small Suitcase Model demonstrated at the 1996 Tesla Convention, presented as Don Smiths' Workshop. I am most definitely not an expert in this area. However, it is probably worth mentioning some of the main points which Don Smith appears to be making. There are some very important points being made here, and grasping these may make a considerable difference to our ability to tap into the excess energy available in our local environment. There are four points worth mentioning:
1. Voltage. We tend to view things with an 'intuitive' view, generally based on fairly simple concepts. For example, we automatically think that it is more difficult to pick up a heavy object than to pick up a light one. How much more difficult? Well, if it is twice as heavy, it would probably be about twice as much effort to pick it up. This view has developed from our experience of things which we have done in the past, rather than on any mathematical calculation or formula. Well, how about pulsing an electronic system with a voltage? How would the output power of a system be affected by increasing the voltage? Our initial 'off-the cuff' reaction might be that the power output might be increased a bit, but then hold on… we've just remembered that Watts = Volts x Amps, so if you double the voltage, then you would double the power in watts. So we might settle for the notion that if we doubled the voltage then we could double the output power. If we thought that, then we would be wrong. Don Smith points out that as capacitors and coils store energy, if they are involved in the circuit, then the output power is proportional to the square of the voltage used. Double the voltage, and the output power is four times greater. Use three times the voltage and the output power is nine times greater. Use ten times the voltage and the output power is one hundred times greater !  Don says that the energy stored, multiplied by the cycles per second, is the energy being pumped by the system. Capacitors and inductors (coils) temporarily store electrons, and their performance is given by:
Capacitor formula: W = 0.5 x C x V2 x Hz where:
W is the energy in Joules (Joules = Volts x Amps x seconds)
C is the capacitance in Farads
V is the voltage
Hz is the cycles per second
Inductor formula: W = 0.5 x L x A2 x Hz where:
W is the energy in Joules
L is the inductance in Henrys
A is the current in amps
Hz is the frequency in cycles per second
You will notice that where inductors (coils) are involved, then the output power goes up with the square of the current. Double the voltage and double the current gives four times the power output due to the increased voltage and that increased output is increased by a further four times due to the increased current, giving sixteen times the output power. 2. Frequency. You will notice from the formulas above, that the output power is directly proportional to the frequency "Hz". The frequency is the number of cycles per second (or pulses per second) applied to the circuit. This is something which is not intuitive for most people. If you double the rate of pulsing, then you double the power output. When this sinks in, you suddenly see why Nikola Tesla tended to use millions of volts and millions of pulses per second. However, Don Smith states that when a circuit is at it's point of resonance, resistance in the circuit drops to zero and the circuit becomes effectively, a superconductor. The energy for such a system which is in resonance is:
Resonant circuit: W = 0.5 x C x V2 x (Hz)2 where:
W is the energy in Joules
C is the capacitance in Farads
V is the voltage
Hz is the cycles per second
If this is correct, then raising the frequency in a resonating circuit has a massive effect on the power output of the device. The question then arises: why is the mains power in Europe just fifty cycles per second and in America just sixty cycles per second? If power goes up with frequency, then why not feed households at a million cycles per second? One major reason is that it is not easy to make electric motors which can be driven with power delivered at that frequency, so a more suitable frequency is chosen in order to suit the motors in vacuum cleaners, washing machines and other household equipment. However, if we want to extract energy from the environment, then we should go for high voltage and high frequency. Then, when high power has been extracted, if we want a low frequency suited to electric motors, we can pulse the already captured power at that low frequency. It might be speculated that if a device is being driven with sharp pulses which have a very sharply rising leading edge, that the effective frequency of the pulsing is actually determined by the speed of that rising edge, rather than the rate at which the pulses are actually generated. For example, if pulses are being generated at, say, 50 kHz but the pulses have a leading edge which would be suited to a 200 kHz pulse train, then the device might well see the signal as a 200 kHz signal with a 25% Mark/Space ratio, the very suddenness of the applied voltage having a magnetic shocking effect equivalent to a 200 kHz pulse train. 3. Magnetic / Electric relationship. Don states that the reason why our present power systems are so inefficient is because we concentrate on the electric component of electromagnetism. These systems are always COP<1 as electricity is the 'losses' of electromagnetic power. Instead, if you concentrate on the magnetic component, then there is no limit on the electric power which can be extracted from that magnetic component. Contrary to what you might expect, if you install a pick-up system which extracts electrical energy from the magnetic component, you can install any number of other identical pick-ups, each of which extract the same amount of electrical energy from the magnetic input, without loading the magnetic wave in any way. Unlimited electrical output for the 'cost' of creating a single magnetic effect. The magnetic effect which we want to create is a ripple in the zero-point energy field, and ideally, we want to create that effect while using very little power. Creating a dipole with a battery which has a Plus and a Minus terminal or a magnet which has North and South poles, is an easy way to do create an electromagnetic imbalance in the local environment. Pulsing a coil is probably an even better way as the magnetic field reverses rapidly if it is an air-core coil, such as a Tesla Coil. Using a ferromagnetic core to the coil can create a problem as iron can't reverse it's magnetic alignment very rapidly, and ideally, you want pulsing which is at least a thousand times faster than iron can handle. Don draws attention to the "Transmitter / Receiver" educational kit "Resonant Circuits #10-416" which was supplied by The Science Source, Maine. This kit demonstrated the generation of resonant energy and it's collection with a receiver circuit. However, if several receiver circuits are used, then the energy collected is increased several times without any increase in the transmitted energy. This is similar to a radio transmitter where hundreds of thousands of radio receivers can receive the transmitted signal without loading the transmitter in any way. In Don’s day, this kit was driven by a 1.5 volt battery and lit a 60-watt bulb which was supplied. Not surprisingly, that kit has been discontinued and a trivial kit substituted.  If you get the Science Source educational kit, then there are some details which you need to watch out for. The unit supplied to me had two very nice quality plastic bases and two very neatly wound coils each of 60 turns of 0.47 mm diameter enamelled copper wire on clear acrylic tubes 57 mm (2.25”) in diameter. The winding covers a 28 mm section of the tube. The layout of the transmitter and receiver modules does not match the accompanying instruction sheet and so considerable care needs to be taken when wiring up any of their circuits. The circuit diagrams are not shown, just a wiring diagram, which is not great from an educational point of view. The one relevant circuit is:  Before you buy the kit, it is not mentioned that in order to use it, you need a signal generator capable of producing a 10-volt signal at 1 MHz. The coil has a DC resistance of just 1.9 ohms but at a 1 MHz resonant frequency, the necessary drive power is quite low. A variable capacitor is mounted on the receiver coil tube, but the one in my kit made absolutely no difference to the frequency tuning, nor was my capacitance meter able to determine any capacitance value for it at all, even though it had no trouble at all in measuring the 101 pF capacitor which was exactly the capacitance printed on it. For that reason, it is shown in blue in the circuit diagram above. Disconnecting it made no difference whatsoever. In this particular kit, standard screw connectors have had one screw replaced with an Allen key headed bolt which has a head large enough to allow finger tightening. Unfortunately, those bolts have a square cut tip where a domed tip is essential if small diameter wires are to be clamped securely. If you get the kit, then I suggest that you replace the connectors with a standard electrical screw connector strip. In tests, the LED lights when the coils are aligned and within about 100 mm of each other, or if they are close together side by side. This immediately makes the Hubbard device spring to mind. Hubbard has a central "electromagnetic transmitter" surrounded by a ring of "receivers" closely coupled magnetically to the transmitter, each of which will receive a copy of the energy sent by the transmitter:  Don points to an even more clearly demonstrated occurrence of this effect in the Tesla Coil. In a typical Tesla Coil, the primary coil is much larger diameter than the inner secondary coil:  If, for example, 8,000 volts is applied to the primary coil which has four turns, then each turn would have 2,000 volts of potential. Each turn of the primary coil transfers electromagnetic flux to every single turn of the secondary winding, and the secondary coil has a very large number of turns. Massively more power is produced in the secondary coil than was used to energise the primary coil. A common mistake is to believe that a Tesla Coil can't produce serious amperage. If the primary coil is positioned in the middle of the secondary coil as shown, then the amperage generated will be as large as the voltage generated. A low power input to the primary coil can produce kilowatts of usable electrical power as described in chapter 5. 4. Resonance. An important factor in circuits aimed at tapping external energy is resonance. It can be hard to see where this comes in when it is an electronic circuit which is being considered. However, everything has it's own resonant frequency, whether it is a coil or any other electronic component. When components are connected together to form a circuit, the circuit has an overall resonant frequency. As a simple example, consider a swing:  If the swing is pushed before it reaches the highest point on the mother's side, then the push actually detracts from the swinging action. The time of one full swing is the resonant frequency of the swing, and that is determined by the length of the supporting ropes holding the seat and not the weight of the child nor the power with which the child is pushed. Provided that the timing is exactly right, a very small push can get a swing moving in a substantial arc. The key factor is, matching the pulses applied to the swing, to the resonant frequency of the swing. Get it right and a large movement is produced. Get it wrong, and the swing doesn't get going at all (at which point, critics would say "see, see …swings just don't work - this proves it !!"). Establishing the exact pulsing rate needed for a resonant circuit is not particularly easy, because the circuit contains coils (which have inductance, capacitance and resistance), capacitors (which have capacitance and a small amount of resistance) and resistors and wires, both of which have resistance and some capacitance. These kinds of circuit are called "LRC" circuits because "L" is the symbol used for inductance, "R" is the symbol used for resistance and "C" is the symbol used for capacitance. I have recently been passed a copy of Don’s circuit diagram for this device, and it is shown here:  The 4000V 30mA transformer shown in this circuit diagram, may use the transformer from neon-tube driver module which steps up the voltage but it does not raise the frequency as that is clearly marked at 120 Hz pulsed DC. You will notice that this circuit diagram is drawn with Plus shown below Minus (which is most unusual). Please note that when an earth connection is mentioned in connection with Don Smith's devices, we are talking about an actual wire connection to a metal object physically buried in the ground, whether it is a long copper rod driven into the ground, or an old car radiator buried in a hole like Tariel Kapanadze uses, or a buried metal plate. When Thomas Henry Moray performed his requested demonstration deep in the countryside at a location chosen by the sceptics, the light bulbs which formed his demonstration electrical load, glowed more brightly with each hammer stroke as a length of gas pipe was hammered into the ground to form his earth connection Don also explains an even more simple version which does not need a Variac, high voltage capacitors or high voltage diodes. Here, a DC output is accepted which means that high -frequency step-down transformer operation can be used. This calls for an air-core transformer which you would wind yourself from heavy duty wire. Mains loads would then be powered by using a standard off-the-shelf inverter. In this version, it is of course, necessary to make the "L1" turns wire length exactly one quarter of the "L2" turns wire length in order to make the two coils resonate together. The operating frequency of each of these coils is imposed on them by the output frequency of the neon-tube driver circuit. That frequency is maintained throughout the entire circuit until it is rectified by the four diodes feeding the low-voltage storage capacitor. The target output voltage will be either just over 12 volts or just over 24 volts, depending on the voltage rating of the inverter which is to be driven by the system. As the circuit is capable of picking up additional magnetic pulses, such as those generated by other equipment, nearby lightning strikes, etc. an electronic component called a "varistor" marked "V" in the diagram, is connected across the load. This device acts as a voltage spike suppressor as it short-circuits any voltage above its design voltage, protecting the load from power surges. A Gas-Discharge Tube is an effective alternative to a varistor. This is effectively two Tesla Coils back-to-back and the circuit diagram might be:  It is by no means certain that in this circuit, the red and blue windings are wound in opposing directions. The spark gap (or gas-discharge tube) in series with the primary of the first transformer alters the operation in a somewhat unpredictable way as it causes the primary to oscillate at a frequency determined by it’s inductance and it’s self-capacitance, and that may result in megahertz frequencies. The secondary winding(s) of that transformer must resonate with the primary and in this circuit which has no frequency-compensating capacitors, that resonance is being produced by the exact wire length in the turns of the secondary. This looks like a simple circuit, but it is anything but that. The excess energy is produced by the raised frequency, the raised voltage, and the very sharp pulsing produced by the spark. That part is straightforward. The remainder of the circuit is likely to be very difficult to get resonating as it needs to be, in order to deliver that excess energy to the output inverter. One very significant thing which Don pointed out is that the mains electricity available through the wall socket on my home, does not come along the wires from the generating station. Instead, the power station influences a local ‘sub-station’ and the electrons which flow through my equipment actually come from my local environment because of the influence of my local sub-station. Therefore, if I can create a similar influence in my home, then I no longer need that sub-station and can have as much electrical energy as I want, without having to pay somebody else to provide it for me. A Practical Implementation of one of Don Smith’s Designs The objective is to determine how to construct a self-powered, free-energy electrical generator which has no moving parts, is not expensive to build, uses readily available parts and which has an output of some kilowatts. However, under no circumstances should this document be considered to be an encouragement for you, or anyone else to actually build one of these devices. This document is presented solely for information and educational purposes, and as high voltages are involved, it should be considered to be a dangerous device unsuited to being built by inexperienced amateurs. This design is based on the work of Don Smith of America and some of the details have been clarified by “Zilano” of the energetic forum, who claims to have already constructed five successful implementations of Don’s designs and been disconnected from the grid for some months now in spite of having a continuous power requirement of 4.25 kilowatts. Thanks is due to both Zilano and the energetic forum members for sharing their expertise and providing a platform for presenting and discussing this development  In broad outline, this particular implementation of Don’s device consists of a power supply which provides the operational power to an active transformer section which produces excess, usable power, useful to a household. The gain in power is provided by boosting the voltage to around four thousand volts, raising the frequency to around thirty-five thousand cycles per second, producing very sharp voltage pulses with a spark gap and then stepping that power down to the equivalent of the local electricity supply voltage through a resonant, high-frequency transformer. That process gains a massive amount of excess power provided that resonance is maintained throughout the circuit. However, that process is not without it’s difficulties. If the frequency is stepped up to vastly more than the frequency provided by the local mains supply, then there is the difficulty of getting that frequency back down again so that it can be used to drive motors and mains power supplies which are designed to use that lower frequency. One solution is to convert the output to DC, use a filter to block the high-frequency ripple and then use a standard off-the-shelf inverter to provide the required frequency and voltage. The other difficulty is the high voltage. Apart from the serious danger of using potentially lethal voltages, the arrangement needs very accurately tuned sections, which in turn requires accurate capacitor values, but high-voltage capacitors are not readily available in a wide range of values, and worse still, they are very expensive compared to capacitors of lower voltages. The general layout is:  Although the circuit is basically a simple one, the three separate sections ringed around have to run at exactly the same frequency. Each coil winding has it’s own internal capacitance. Normally, we don’t generally bother about that capacitance as the value is usually quite small, but in this circuit which is running at high speed, a small capacitance can have a significant effect. The first of these three matching frequencies is no great problem as it is the oscillator circuit which is running at low voltage, and so any capacitors used to adjust it’s frequency are readily available and very cheap. The capacitors C1 and C2 are a different matter as they are operating at high voltage, and high voltage capacitors are not readily available at low cost or in many different values, however, these three frequencies can be matched exactly and the circuit made to work, producing excess power. On the energetic forum, many very relevant and helpful comments have been made, some of which are reproduced here: Frequency changes when a capacitor is attached across a coil. The capacitance of the coil needs to be measured and added to the capacitor used. With a capacitor connected across the coil, the frequency will remain the same and not shoot to up to MHz values! We force the required frequency (35 kHz) with the input oscillator and then pad L1 to resonate at that frequency. Because the coils are resonating, the resistance between the coils is zero, and so power is there which used to be eaten up by resistance. When we step the voltage down, the power remains the same but it is now in the form of high amps and low voltage. We use bi-directional windings so we can control voltage and amps or reduce voltage and amps by increasing the number of clockwise or counter-clockwise turns. The coil with 80 turns is wound clockwise. The other coil has 5 turns clockwise and 5 turns counter- clockwise. Coil primary 2" and secondary 3" with the coil winding spaced out so that there are 4 turns per inch on the secondary. Make the L1 primary 4 times the wire length of the secondary L2. This means that if L2 is 1 foot then L1 should be 4 feet, and if using bi-directional winds for L2, then 1 foot + 1 foot and 4 feet in L1. The position of the spark gap in the circuit is important. Don’t use a spark gap in series. Capacitors must be in parallel across the primary coil and a spark gap in parallel before that L/C combination. If you change the spark gap position, all you will be getting is induction power which is always under unity and we don’t want that. The power gain comes from the spark and resonance. A spark gap is a voltage-operated device, whereas a transistor is a current-operated device, and a spark is an important part of OU otherwise Kapanadze and Don Smith would have used a transistor. Sparks keep pumping excess energy, so a spark gap is a vital part of the circuit. As long as the spark gap is running, you will get a whopping amount of energy. A spark gap is a current amplifier. A spark can also be generated at 350 volts which is a manageable voltage. An earth ground improves the performance and is always a must for tapping power. It is advisable to separate the high-voltage and low-voltage sections of the circuit. They must not have a single earth, because if the voltage-controller fails, then you get high-voltage AC as a free bonus along with the mains frequency and voltage, and if that happens, then you may have the pleasure of meeting Don Smith, Tesla and Moray without a flight! We overcame the mutual-inductance factor of the L1/L2 transformer by using copper-coated welding rods, as we can alter the coil’s “Q” factor by increasing or reducing the number of rods inserted. It doesn’t matter what way you wind the counter-clockwise and clockwise coils, what matters is how we join the ends and take the output between the joined ends and the centre- tapped (grounded) point of the coil. These coils are wound with four turns per inch as spreading the turns out reduces the self-capacitance of the winding. Make sure that resonance is reached. If you add copper-coated welding rods, then the coil inductance will change and you will need to get resonance again by adding capacitors across both the primary and the secondary coils. At resonance, the results will be best. If you don’t have resonance, the results will be low as they are just based on induction and that’s what we don’t want. We want resonance in order to give us the results. A Neon Sign Transformer will work fine provided that it does not have a ground-fault interrupter built into it. If it does have one, then whenever you earth it in one of Don’s circuits, it trips the cut-out and so is useless. That is why I made my own oscillator without a Ground-Fault Interrupter circuit. You can use any wire but don’t use hollow copper pipe. Consider how many amps you want in the output, and choose the copper wire diameter accordingly. It is better to use solid copper rather than stranded wire, but stranded wire can be used. When you have resonance, thicker output coil wire generates more amps and if you want to keep the input power low, then make the primary coil wire thinner. We don’t have to worry about insulation provided that we keep the voltage per turn below 300 volts. We can override the coil wire lengths ratio and just keep turns ratio of the primary and secondary in 1:4 ratio, so if the primary has 5 turns then the secondary can have 20 turns and if using bi- directional winds on the secondary, then 20 turns in each limb of the secondary winding bifilar or alternatively, 10 turns in each limb of the secondary winding. Capacitors on both windings will be needed to get resonance. Filament bulbs powered with high frequency will not burn brightly because of the high frequency and high voltage. Lower the frequency and lower the voltage and see the difference: then excess power is yours. In this circuit of Don Smith’s which we are examining, the oscillator frequency does not need to be any particular value, provided that it is over twenty thousand cycles per second. The generated voltage is not at all critical and four thousand volts has just been selected as a good compromise voltage intended to give an excellent power gain without being particularly expensive. There are lots of alternatives which can be used as a spark gap, so there is no need to be concerned if some particular item is not readily available. In other words, there are many different ways to construct a working device. The first step is to implement the power input section. It is possible to buy a ready-made power supply of this type as they are made to power neon-tube displays, but it is both cheaper and better to construct one from scratch. That way, if the manufacturing of the type of power supply needed is discontinued, then it does not matter. Also, if one is built from scratch, then the understanding gained from building it, places the constructor in a position to repair or replace it should it become damaged or destroyed. The following method of construction is by no means the only way that a power supply of this kind can be constructed, and if you are not familiar with circuit diagrams, then I suggest that you read through the electronics tutorial available free here as it will explain everything you need to know to be able to read and understand circuits and how they work. This is a suitable circuit:  As with almost all circuits, this diagram is read from left to right. So, the first thing which we encounter is an input of any voltage between six and twelve volts. The current draw from this battery is just under one amp, so we are talking about a reasonably powerful battery. We then encounter a diode and a large-value capacitor which is connected directly across the battery. While it might be imagined that these components are there to iron out any voltage fluctuations caused by sudden demands for current, that is not the case. Although it is not shown in the diagram above, when the construction of the device is completed and it is running satisfactorily, then it is possible to take a small amount of the output power and feed it into this capacitor, which allows the battery to be removed and the device then powers itself without the need for a battery. So for the moment, we can ignore this capacitor except for including it in the circuit when it is being built. The diode is a device which allows current flow in one direction only, or at least, that is the theory. In practice, things are seldom perfect and so your average diode does not switch on and off instantly. For most applications, this does not matter very much as the diode only switches on and off a hundred times per second, and so a normal diode such as the 1N4007 could be used in this position as it will never be required to switch faster than that. The 1N4007 diode can handle a thousand volts and up to one amp of current. However, some people may prefer to use a 1N5408 diode which is cheap and can handle up to 3 amps, as the current flowing in this section of the circuit is not far from the one amp which is the maximum current that a 1N4007 diode can switch. The 1N5408 diode can work at up to one thousand volts and it has the advantage of being able to switch on and off very quickly, which is useful when we reach the section of the circuit which switches seventy thousand times per second. The active part of the circuit is the 2N3055 transistor along with its two resistors and one capacitor. The 3055 transistor looks like this:  The case type is called TO-3 and the 2N3055 is able to handle currents of up to fifteen amps continuously. In spite of that current handling capacity, it gets hot when working with even just one amp and so it needs to be mounted on a heat sink to dissipate the heat produced. In this circuit, the transistor is wired as an oscillator or signal-generator, getting feedback from a coil of just four turns of wire. The frequency of the signal can be adjusted by the capacitor marked “C” in the circuit diagram. The two resistors feed current to the transistor to keep it running. They each need to have a power rating of 5-watts and unless they are ceramic with the value printed on them, they will have colour bands like this:  The next component in the circuit diagram looks very complicated, but in fact, it is a very simple item, namely, a coil of wire. This coil is wound on a short piece of plastic pipe of 2-inch (50 mm) diameter. The pipe diameter is not particularly critical, so any plastic pipe within five or six millimetres of that diameter should work well. A length of pipe of about four inches (100 mm) is cut off and fitted with discs in order to convert it into a shallow spool:  This is then wound with an entire 500 gram reel of 30 SWG (#28 AWG) enamelled copper wire, and while this 0.3 mm diameter wire is expensive, making this coil is considerably cheaper than buying a ready-made neon-tube driver module. Wire down to 38 SWG (#34 AWG) could be used but due to the greater length, the turns would need to be counted unless you compensate by increasing the number of turns in the 8-turn coil. When the winding is completed and the end of the wire secured, two other small windings are made using 20 SWG (#19 AWG) enamelled copper wire which has a diameter of 0.9 mm. Only a 50 gram reel of this wire will be needed as one winding has just eight turns and the other, only four turns, although these numbers can be increased. Increasing the number of turns in the 8-turn coil reduces the output voltage, while increasing the turns in the 4-turn coil gives an increased drive to the transistor.  Finally, ferrite rods four inches (100 mm) long are placed inside the plastic pipe in order to improve the magnetic coupling between the three windings, although the coil appears to work perfectly well, if not better, without these ferrite rods:  The coil can then be taped over using electrical tape, and if you have a neat disposition, attached to a base board and fitted with screw connections:  These are the physical items needed in order to build the circuit up to here:  The output voltage is controlled by the input voltage and the ratio of the 8-turn primary winding to the about 4000-turn secondary, which is a ratio of 1:500, which means that if the 8-turn winding has twelve volts pulsed across it, then there will be six thousand volts developed across the secondary winding. In our case, the voltage will not be quite as high as that because the 500-gram reel of wire has 700 metres (2,300 feet) of wire on it and that is not quite long enough to give a full 4000 turns on our coil. It may surprise you to know that this part of the circuit achieves a major increase in power when it is running. The power is proportional to the square of the voltage multiplied by the square of the frequency. Driven by a battery, the circuit draws less than twelve watts, but let’s compare the output to the mains instead, in which case the voltage has increased from 240 volts to 4000 volts (16 times higher) and the frequency has increased from 50 cycles per second to 35,000 cycles per second (700 times higher) and that gives a power increase of more than 136 million. The difficulty is to extract that excess power without losing it and that is what this design is all about. The first step in keeping hold of this excess power is to convert it to pulsing DC and that is done with a diode. It could be done with just one diode if you happen to have a powerful diode which can operate at high speed and which can handle at least six thousand volts. A diode like that is expensive, so a more practical option is to use several cheap diodes connected in a chain. Each of the 1N5408 diodes mentioned above can handle a thousand volts, and so using six of them allows the high voltage to be dealt with. However, please don’t think that you have to use 1N5408 diodes, as they are just my personal choice. You can use any diode which can operate rapidly and which has a reasonably high voltage rating (“Peak Inverse Voltage” is the fancy technical term).  In this particular version of the circuit, we want to feed the pulsing DC output from the diodes into a capacitor “C2” with a coil connected across it. If we have the same problem with finding a cheap, high voltage capacitor, it can be cheaper to use several capacitors in a chain. However, unlike diodes, each extra capacitor added to the chain, while it does increase the voltage which can be handled, reduces the overall capacitance of the ‘composite’ capacitor chain. Polypropylene capacitors are the best type for this kind of circuit, but they are rather expensive for their capacity. However, please understand that adding the diodes and the “C2” capacitor has raised the danger level of the circuit very substantially:  This is not a toy and a high-voltage capacitor can be a very dangerous thing when charged up, so great care needs to be taken when dealing with any such device. Let me stress again that this document is NOT a recommendation that you should actually construct one of these devices, but is merely presented as an educational item for information purposes only. If you decide to ignore this fact and construct any such device, then the responsibility for any injury or damage caused by it is solely and entirely yours, as you have been told not to do it. An effective method for extracting the increased energy from this circuit is to reverse the process and use a transformer to step down the high voltage, increasing the available current in the process. We need to keep this secondary process isolated from the power supply, and so the next transformer is actually an isolation transformer and the two sides of the circuit must not be connected together. You will notice that there is a genuine earth connection used for each side of the circuit. These have to be two completely separate ground wire connections. If a single earth connection were used, or two separate wires run to a common earthing point, then that would bypass the isolation transformer and connect the two sections of the circuit together through the earth wiring. So, please understand that when the circuit shows two separate earth connections this is not just a convenient way of drawing the circuit but instead it shows two essential, separate wires running to two different earthing rods (or metal objects buried in the ground).  As can be seen here, the remainder of the circuit looks simple and innocent. That impression is slightly misleading as the circuit operation is subtle. The capacitor “C2”, if used, does not need to have a large capacitance as the circuit operates at high frequency. Consequently, capacitor “C2” must fill up rapidly. Although capacitor “C2” has a small value, it needs to be selected with great care. First, the output frequency of the actual physical oscillator section needs to be measured exactly with a frequency meter. Then, both the inductance and the capacitance of the 80-turn coil must be measured with an LCR meter. Either a nomograph or an on-line calculator will specify the exact value of capacitance which is needed across the coil inductance in order to make the combination resonate at exactly the frequency being generated by the oscillator section. Part of that required capacitance is already there due to the coil’s own self-capacitance, and so that needs to be subtracted from the calculated capacitance in order to determine what physical capacitor needs to be connected across the coil. Getting that exact capacitance using the few high-voltage capacitors available on the market is then the challenge. When the voltage on capacitor “C2” reaches a high value, the spark gap connected to it conducts and it’s spark discharge of the capacitor energy passes a very sharp, high-voltage pulse to the primary winding of the isolation transformer. In spite of it’s impressive name, the isolation transformer primary is just a coil of enamelled copper wire of 23 SWG (#22 AWG) size (0.6 mm diameter) wound on a two-inch (50 mm) plastic pipe. To improve it’s magnetic coupling, the pipe can be filled, either partially or completely, with copper-coated welding rods (or ferrite rods). If the plastic tube can slide, then it is said that the high-voltage capacitor “C3” can be omitted and the output stage can be fine-tuned by adjusting the position of this 80-turn coil inside the 5+5-turn coil. I think that Zilano disagrees with this. The final coil is a really major item in this design and Zilano’s arrangement is somewhat different from Don Smith’s method. The key feature is that this coil is wound with two sections and those sections are wound in opposing directions. The design shows just five turns of thick wire in each of the two parts. One part produces current and the other part produces voltage. These two are out of phase and will short-circuit each other at all frequencies other than their common, resonant frequency. It is possible to vary the turns in one part to enhance either voltage or current but that is a procedure for later experimentation in the unlikely event that it should be needed. The two sections are connected directly together as shown here:  Due to the turns ratio between the primary and secondary winding in this transformer, this arrangement steps the voltage back down to around 240 volts while keeping the frequency high and boosting the output current to a very high level (providing that resonance is maintained). To protect against voltage spikes a Varistor or Gas-Discharge Tube is connected across the output. A varistor has considerable capacitance while a GDT has a capacitance, typically, of less than 1 pF, so apart from being a more robust component, a Gas-Discharge Tube is probably the better choice and GDTs with spark voltages from 90V to 350V are readily available. Don Smith may show a spark gap in that position but he is actually intending it to be a Gas-Discharge Tube as they are commercially available and intended for just that purpose. A really key factor in the 80:5+5 transformer is that the length of wire in the two windings should have a direct ratio in order to force resonance. To get the exact resonance between these two coils, the inner coil can be moved slightly off-centre inside the larger coil. While it may be possible to tune the 5+5 turn coil by positioning it, if the wire length in those turns is exactly one quarter of the wire length in the 80-turn coil, Don Smith generally shows a fine-tuning capacitor connected across the coil. Again, the method for determining the correct value for that capacitor is to measure the (combined and wired across each other) inductance of the coil and it’s self-capacitance (which will be reduced by having the turns spread out – four turns per inch if the wire is small diameter and one wire thickness if the wire is say, 6 mm in diameter). If a 4:1 ratio is not used, then it is still possible to overcome that situation by careful selection of larger capacitors to connect across the windings. At this point many people get stuck, wondering how they can get back down to the mains frequency as it does not occur to them that many important applications do not need that frequency. The low frequency of the mains is mainly to allow cheap motors to run on the mains supply, and that low frequency makes mains electricity much more dangerous to humans, than a high frequency supply of the same voltage. Equipment which does not have a mains-powered electric motor is likely to operate on a high-frequency supply. For example, I am told that halogen lamps are much more efficient when driven by a high frequency supply, and so they give their rated output on a much lower level of input power. I can see no reason why a halogen heater should not work perfectly well on the output from this circuit, and heating is a major cost for most people who live in cold countries. However, those halogen heaters which have a tiny mains- powered motor built in for making the heater swing from side to side, probably should not have that option switched on. The immediate impression is that fan heaters are a non-starter due to their mains-powered fan. But these heaters generally have a switch setting which allows the heater to be used as a fan on its own. If then, the heater wiring were changed so that the heating elements are powered by the high frequency supply and the fan remains mains-powered, then the operational cost of the heater would drop to that of just running a fan on the mains supply. So, the simple circuit shown so far has very serious potential for a household. When making an earth connection, it is sometimes suggested that connecting to water pipes or radiators is a good idea as they have long lengths of metal piping running under the ground and making excellent contact with it. However, it has become very common for metal piping to be replaced with cheaper plastic piping and so any proposed pipe connection needs a check to ensure that that there is metal piping which runs all the way into the ground.  The spark gaps shown can be commercial high-voltage gas discharge tubes, adjustable home- made spark gaps with stainless steel tips about 1 mm apart, car spark plugs, or standard neon bulbs, although these run rather hot in this application. A 15 mm x 6 mm size neon bulb operates with only 90 or 100 volts across it, it would take a considerable number of them connected in series to create a high voltage spark gap. However, it is a distinct possibility for people, such as myself, with limited constructional skills as the wires of successive neons only need to be twisted together and then clamped in a screw connector block. It should be clearly understood that I, personally, am a complete beginner as far as this device design is concerned. I certainly don’t have all the answers by any means and the purpose of this information is to draw together sufficient basic information in order to allow a newcomer to understand the overall design concept. At this point in time, this is a development project for the more advanced and experienced experimenters. To make this design self-powered, it has been suggested that a simple resistor divider pair placed across the 240-volt high frequency output can be used to feed the input of the power supply circuit which has already been set up with a diode and capacitor to receive just such an input. This is not a solution which appeals to me as a current of up to one amp may be required, which means that 250 watts will be drawn from the output in order to supply a mere 12 watts of power. I know that the 250 watts of output is free, but I still don’t think much of having to dissipate 238 watts in order to supply 12 watts, besides which, doing that would be nearly impossible with resistors. The high frequency prevents a standard transformer being used, but winding a 1-amp step-down transformer on a an insulated ferrite rod is hardly a major undertaking. The current in the primary wire would be only 50 mA, so in theory, wire as fine as 38 SWG (#34 AWG) with a diameter of just 0.15 mm could be used for it. The first page of the Appendix shows the details of these wires. I would also suggest putting a 12V zener diode across the input of the power supply to ensure that no more than 12 volts gets fed back from the output to the input, although a 250V Gas-Discharge Tube connected across the output would effectively prevent a voltage runaway from this positive feedback. The ratio of the primary turns to the secondary turns on such a transformer would be 240:12 or 20:1 and the smallest wire for the secondary would be 22 SWG (#21 AWG). However, if you are going to wind a step-down transformer for this job, then you might as well make the windings much larger and rectify the output so that you can run a standard inverter from it, to power things which really do need mains frequency, as well as providing the twelve volt input needed to run the circuit. With just the basic feedback the circuit might be like this:  So far, this construction has opted for the most simple arrangement, one which can be constructed with minimal equipment. That does not mean that it is not possible to have a full-blown, mains frequency, mains voltage, self-powered device without the need for an inverter, by modifying this implementation one step further (as Zilano has already done and uses). However, for the moment, I will direct you to the forum where there are various options shown and where discussions can be held with experienced people who are working to advance this design further. The forum link is: here. The construction suggested so far is that transformers are wound on PVC plastic pipe. Most people believe that plastic is a good electrical insulator and that is reasonably true for DC and low frequency work, it is not true at higher frequencies where PVC is actually a poor choice. The way around this is to coat the PVC pipe with a high voltage insulating varnish, such as shellac (used by ladies to enhance the appearance of their nails). Three coats should be used. Nowadays, shellac is expensive, and so an alternative would be useful. Using acrylic tube rather than PVC overcomes the problem. I understand that dissolving table tennis balls in 30 cc of 100% acetone per ball gives a lacquer which is likely to be suitable for insulating for high frequency work – a search will find instruction videos on YouTube if that option appeals to you. Let me stress once again, that this description must not be considered a recommendation or encouragement by me to persuade you to actually physically build one of these high-voltage devices. Should you decide to do so, then it is against my specific recommendation and you do so entirely at your own risk. I have never built one of these devices, so the following physical layout is purely speculative and not guaranteed to work. For a spark gap, simple 15 mm x 6 mm diameter neon lamps have been selected. These lamps fire at around one hundred volts and so the ones shown in this layout will trigger at around 2,400 volts. Lower voltages can be selected, going down in jumps of around 200 volts by connecting to the terminal block at an earlier position which excludes the end neons. Higher spark trigger voltages can be obtained by adding a second terminal block of neons. These devices appeal to me as they are silent in operation, no mechanical construction is required and the spark voltage setting can be altered quite easily. They appear to light continuously but the current flow through them is a series of spark discharges occurring in very rapid succession. One person who has constructed this exact configuration reports that the neons get very hot in his implementation. The underneath view of the heat sink for the 2N3055 transistor is shown in order to indicate clearly, where the connecting wires go. The collector of the 2N3055 transistor is it’s case, and so a solder tag or other similar method is used to connect a wire to it. It is normal to solder wires to the base and emitter pins of the transistor, but if soldering is not an option, then a single screw pair cut off a terminal block can be used instead. A circuit breaker has not been shown although that would be normal practice. This is because it appears that if the output of this device is short-circuited, it does not cause any problems for the device. One could, be placed just before the output socket(s) if it is felt to be an essential item for other reasons. A notional physical layout might be as shown below, however, discussion on the forum and/or experimentation, may show that it is preferable to have a capacitor and second spark gap across the 80-turn primary, even though Don Smith stated that it is possible to have a high- power output without the need for any high-voltage capacitors. A revised layout is quite easy to arrange, using the same style of physical layout. A notional physical layout might be:  Parts of this circuit are highly dangerous to touch, so apart from wearing gloves when working on it, and connecting a ten megohm resistor across each high-voltage capacitor, a non- conducting cover should befitted over those parts of the circuit which have high voltage on them when operating, perhaps something like shown here:  The circuit is not powered up unless the cover is already fastened in place. It is probably not necessary to cover over the output screw connectors as their screws are fairly well shielded by the tall plastic surround for each individual screw. As the circuit creates high-power, high- frequency currents, it will act as a radio-frequency transmitter, and so, when it is working correctly, it should be enclosed in a ferrous metal box which is connected to one (and only one) of the two earth wires. This section has to be expanded at a later date to show an effective way to lower the output to high-power AC at the local mains voltage and frequency.  There is nothing magical about the three-inch and two-inch diameters used by Don Smith when building this device. The three-inch diameter is the largest size which he could buy from Barker & Williamson who make high efficiency coils, and the two-inch diameter is as large as could slide inside that coil when wrapped around with the thick “jumbo speaker wire” cable which he used for the inner coil. In passing, you might note that while 50 mm metric PVC pipe is exactly 50 mm outer diameter (2-inches), the 2-inch PVC pipe is a good deal larger than two inches outer diameter, the ones which I have measured were around 2.188 inches (55 mm). In our case, we have to wind these two coils on two different cylinders of some description. As mentioned before, PVC pipe is not a great material when using high-frequency high-voltage signals. The much more expensive acrylic pipe is excellent, but if using PVC, then performance will be better if the PVC pipe is coated with an insulating lacquer as mentioned earlier. The length of wire in the turns of the 5+5 turn coil should be exactly one quarter of the length of the wire in the turns of the (hopefully) 80-turn coil. The length per turn in the 3-inch coil depends on how thick the wire plus it’s insulation is. To determine that, the desired output power of the device is chosen, for example, that might be two kilowatts. A suitable wire is then selected from the specification for commercially available wires:  It is recommended that the wire have a current carrying capacity of 20% more than the expected actual load, so that it does not get very hot when in use. The wire diameters do not include the insulation, although for solid enamelled copper wire, that can be ignored. To get the accurate wire length, the actual wire to be used is wound around the 3-inch former and a mark made across the five turns. The turns are then gently unwound and straightened out and the distance taken for those turns measured accurately. The thicker the wire, the greater the length needed as the effective coil diameter increases with the thickness of the wire. If, for example, the wire selected is 8 SWG with a diameter of 4.06 mm. then the diameter including the insulation might be 6 mm and the length of ten turns on a 3-inch former 2,582 mm. Four times that is 10.33 metres which is the length of wire in the turns of the coil on the 2-inch former. The wire for the 2-inch former coil should be half the diameter, and so 14 SWG would be chosen and that is available as solid enamelled copper wire. Most of the nominally 2-inch PVC pipes in my area have an actual outer diameter of about 55.5 mm which suggests that 10.33 metres would give only 57 turns on it. With a 50 mm PVC pipe, that would be 63 turns which is a long way from the 80 turns which would suit the voltage step-down requirements. To overcome this, we can either drop the generated voltage to about 2735 volts by increasing the number of turns in the 8-turn generator coil, pad both coils with expensive high-voltage capacitors (if we have the technical know-how to do that), or select a smaller diameter wire for the 80-turn coil or a pipe with a slightly smaller diameter or use a former larger than 3-inches for the larger coil. The next wire size down is 15 SWG with a diameter of 1.83 mm which would give about 63 turns so that is clearly not an option. Using 14 SWG wire and 80-turns on a 50 mm pipe would give a wire length of about 13076.5 mm for the 5+5 turn coil which, using 8 SWG wire would need a former with a diameter of 4-inches, which actually might not be a bad thing. Just to clarify matters. The length of wire in the transformer winds does not matter as the high- frequency power supply imposes it’s frequency on the (80-turn) primary winding. (If you want to make the power supply frequency to be the resonant frequency of that coil, you can’t, but you can make it the resonant frequency of a coil/capacitor combination if you connect the right value high- voltage capacitor across it). The really important thing is to make the 5+5 turn secondary coil resonate with the 80-turn primary and that will always happen if the wire length in the turns of the 5+5 turn coil is exactly one quarter of the wire length of the 80-turn coil. If the resonance between the 80 and 5+5 turn coils is not quite perfect, then moving the 80-turn coil slightly relative to the 5+5 turn coil can correct that. Don preferred to use a small capacitor across the 5+5 coil to match the tuning exactly, but that is not essential. What is essential is to have resonance between those two coils, otherwise, there will not be any excess power output. In one of Zilano’s posts it is stated: Very important: the position of the spark gap in my circuit is important. Don’t use a spark gap in series. Capacitors must be in parallel across the primary coil and a spark gap in parallel before the L/C combination. If you change the spark gap position, all you will be getting is induction power which is always under unity and we don’t want that. The Geek Group of America, has a very instructive video explaining capacitor types and how they are made, here although they use higher voltages than a Don Smith design needs. The Geek Group video says that they sell high-voltage polypropylene capacitors at $1 over their bulk- purchase costs. If they do, then I have been unable to locate where they have them on offer. They also demonstrate how high-voltage capacitors can be constructed:  The materials are just aluminium (“baking”) foil and plastic sheet, which while it is shown as transparent here, can of course, be opaque. Two long strips of foil are separated by a long strip of plastic (longer than the foil strips so that it forms an outer cover when rolled up). These are then rolled up:  Note the overlap where there is a considerable width of the plastic sheet between the ends of the two strips of foil. When rolled up, the ends of the foil stick out:  A wire is then attached to the foil ends, and ideally, the capacitor placed inside a plastic container:  The longer the foil strips, the higher the capacitance. The wider the foil strips, the higher the capacitance. The thinner the plastic, the higher the capacitance. The thicker the plastic, the higher the working voltage, but the lower the capacitance. As with any purchased capacitor, an LRC meter has to be used to determine the exact capacitance since, for resonance, we need an exact value (although a high-voltage trimmer capacitor might be used to produce an exact match). This description is NOT an encouragement or recommendation that you should make one of these, but is presented here solely as an educational description of how a capacitor can be made. High- voltage capacitors are very, very dangerous and when charged, can kill you. Alternative home- build capacitor types include the Leyden jar where a glass jar has foil inside and out, and the ‘seawater’ capacitor where a strong salt solution inside and outside a glass bottle forms the capacitor. There are not that many high-voltage capacitors available at low cost. For example, at the present time on eBay, a 100nF 10 kV polypropylene capacitor costs £16.22 and there is a month’s delay while it ships from China  A paper in oil 100nF 4 kV capacitor is £14.87:  and an RFT 100nF 4 kV capacitor costs £18.81:  and more than one of these capacitors will probably be needed. If this device interests you, then you should watch these two videos: Video 1and Video 2 What Don Smith says in these two videos is particularly interesting. He uses a 12V neon tube driver module to provide a 35 kHz frequency, high voltage output and feeds that directly into an air- core transformer where the only requirement is that the length of wire in the coils must be an even division or even multiple of each other. My understanding is that these wire lengths are the lengths of wire used in the actual winds and the lengths do not include the straight connecting wires which are not part of the turns. Other people disagree, so tests need to be conducted to establish which view is correct, although, making the connecting leads have a 4:1 ratio also, seems like a simple arrangement. In this simplified circuit of Don’s, he does not mention a working spark gap, but instead, if I understand him correctly, he shows it this way:  This is VERY interesting. Firstly, there is no working spark gap in this circuit. The two spark gaps shown are commercially manufactured voltage-limiters which only fire if there is an unwanted voltage surge, pinning the voltage on the two rails to the design maximum, of perhaps 500 volts, dictated by the output voltage of the neon tube module and the ratio of the turns in the 80:5+5 transformer (which could be 160:5+5 if a greater voltage drop is required). When things are running normally, they don’t fire at all and you will notice that the only earth connection which Don mentions is for these spark gaps (which may be combined inside a single capsule which has three connections). However, it is my opinion that it is important to earth the middle point of the 5+5 turn coil which would make the circuit look like this:  Another very encouraging feature is that there are no high-voltage capacitors needed. The voltage is now stepped down to the wanted output level, say, 230 volts, by the ration of the number of turns in coil ”A” to the number of turns in coil “B”, and to make sure that there are no spikes passed along with the output AC, a varistor is connected across the output, say one of 250 volts so that it will not act unless a serious voltage surge happens. Please remember that varistors have a very low power rating and so should only be conducting occasionally, while Gas-Discharge Tubes are more robust. We want the output frequency to be 50 Hz or in America 60 Hz. Don says that the way to do this is to connect a resistor “R” across coil “A”. Don remarks that “R” could be a coil/resistor combination, or a coil/capacitor combination, or a resistor/capacitor combination. But, considering the practical problems involved with this method appears to rule it out, but let’s follow the process through to see what results. There is nothing to stop you picking the turns ratio of the 80:5+5 turn transformer to give you the desired output voltage at coil “A” but even doing this, there is likely to be a serious problem. No matter what the voltage is, it would be nice to be able to predict the value of the resistor or capacitor needed for “R”. To do this, Don recommends the use of a Nomograph which has a frequency range down to 50 Hz. To set up this circuit, you need a multimeter which can measure frequency and an “LCR” meter which can measure the inductance of a coil. So the procedure is to use the LCR meter to measure the inductance of coil “A”. You then follow the sloping inductance line for that inductance to where it cuts the (red) 50 Hz line and that lets you read off the capacitance which could be used, or the resistor which could be used to lower the frequency to 50 Hz. However, the power dissipation in any such resistor or capacitor would be enormous and you are probably looking at an electric fire being the “resistor”. Ohms Law tells you the current which will flow through that resistor is 220 volts is connected across it and the power dissipation will be 220 times that current. A 100 mH primary would need around a 33 ohm resistor which would have a power dissipation of nearly 1500 watts. So a different method of altering the frequency is needed. You will notice that this circuit of Don’s appears to be in direct conflict with what Zilano says about a working spark gap and an earth both being essential for high energy gains. It is also interesting to note that Zilano says that everything that Don says is 100% correct. It would appear that experimentation is needed to establish the best working methods for gaining energy with a circuit of this nature. Here is a nomograph:  The wire for the “A” and “B” coils of the output step-down/isolation transformer should be chosen from the table five pages above, ensuring that the wire can carry 120% of the required output current. At the present time, a suitable multimeter can be bought through eBay for £13 and a suitable LCR meter for £10 (delivered):  We need to give this final output transformer an extra winding and use that winding to modulate the high frequency with a 50 Hz or 60 Hz signal. However, our initial problem is getting some hands-on experience with this circuitry. As an initial step, we might choose to do some experimenting with lower voltages. Capacitors are readily available at low cost with voltage ratings up to 400 volts, so perhaps we should consider initial tests within that range As the resonance of the 80-turn / 5+5 turn transformer is the most critical factor, we could start by getting that resonance established. The resonance is related to frequency and not voltage, so getting it to resonate at a lower voltage is a perfectly workable idea. Also, instead of matching the 80-turn coil resonance to the oscillator frequency, we could adjust the oscillator frequency to match a chosen coil/capacitor combination. For this, we can set up a variable frequency oscillator perhaps like this:  One advantage of this circuit is that the output transformer is driven at the frequency set by the 555 timer and that frequency is not affected by the number of turns in the primary winding, nor it’s inductance, wire diameter, or anything else to do with the coil. While this circuit shows the rather expensive IRF9130 transistor, I expect that other P-channel FETs would work satisfactorily in this circuit. The circuit has the power supply diode and capacitor as before, ready to receive energy from the output at some later date if that is possible and desired. The 555 circuit is standard, giving a 50% Mark/Space ratio. The 10 nF capacitor is there to maintain the stability of the 555 and the timing section consists of two variable resistors, one fixed resistor and the 1 nF capacitor. This resistor arrangement gives a variable resistance of anything from 100 ohms to 51.8K and that allows a substantial frequency range. The 47K (Linear) variable resistor controls the main tuning and the 4.7K (Linear) variable resistor gives a more easily adjustable frequency for exact tuning. The 100 ohm resistor is there in case both of the variable resistors are set to zero resistance. The output is fed through a 470 ohm resistor to the gate of a very powerful P-channel FET transistor which drives the primary winding of the output transformer. The output transformer can be wound on an insulating spool covering a ferrite rod, giving both good coupling between the windings, and high-frequency operation as well. The turns ratio is set to just 30:1 due to the high number of primary winding turns. With a 12-volt supply, this will give a 360-volt output waveform, allowing 400V-volt rated, low-cost capacitors to be used for tuning the resonant transformer. Looking at the wire specification table, indicates that quite a small wire diameter could be used for the oscillator output transformer’s secondary winding. While this is perfectly true, it is not the whole story. Neon Tube Drivers are very small and the wire in their output windings is very small diameter indeed. Those driver modules are very prone to failure. If the insulation on any one turn of the winding fails and one turn becomes a short-circuit, then that stops the winding from oscillating, and a replacement is needed. As there are no particular size constraints for this project, it might be a good idea to use enamelled copper wire of 0.45 mm or larger in an attempt to avoid this insulation failure hazard. If the primary winding is placed outside the secondary winding (a practice probably frowned upon by electronics experts), then when we have determined the exact capacitors needed for resonance and replaced them with their more expensive high-voltage counterparts, we have the option of reducing the number of primary winding turns to produce a higher output voltage. Reducing the turns to 10 will give 3,600 volts, 9 turns 4,000 volts and reducing to 8 turns will give an output voltage of around 4,500 volts. A plug-in board layout might be:  Please remember that you can’t just stick your average voltmeter across a 4 kV capacitor (unless you really do want to buy another meter) as they only measure up to about a thousand volts DC. So, you need to use a resistor-divider pair and measure the voltage on the lower resistor. But what resistor values should you use? If you put a 10 Megohm resistor across your 4 kV charged capacitor, the current flowing through the resistor would be 0.4 milliamps. Sounds tiny, doesn’t it? But that 0.4 mA is 1.6 watts which is a good deal more than the wattage which your resistor can handle. Even using this arrangement:  the current will be 0.08 mA and the wattage per resistor will be 64 mW. The meter reading will be about 20% of the capacitor voltage which will give a voltmeter reading of 800 volts. The input resistance of the meter needs to be checked and possibly, allowed for as the resistance in this circuit is so high. When making a measurement of this type, the capacitor is discharged, the resistor chain and meter attached, and then, and only then, is the circuit powered up, the reading taken, the input power disconnected, the capacitor discharged, and the resistors disconnected. High-voltage circuits are highly dangerous, especially so, where a capacitor is involved. The recommendation to wear thick rubber gloves for this kind of work, is not intended to be humorous. A DC output circuit has been shown by Zilano:  This circuit uses four high-voltage capacitors if you can get the exact values which you need, and the circuit output has to be pulsed by an additional circuit in order to provide AC output. Another Zilano circuit arrangement is:  If you measure the frequency of the driving oscillator using a frequency meter, and measure the inductance of the 80-turn coil using an (“LCR”) inductance meter, then the www.deephaven.co.uk website calculator will tell you what size of capacitor (“C1”) needs to be connected across the coil to make it resonate at that frequency. The same applies to the 5+5 turn coil. The frequency will be the same and the inductance and self-capacitance of the coils connected across each other can also be measured, giving the size of “C2”. It needs to be clearly understood that every coil has inductance, capacitance and resistance. These vary with the number of turns, the spacing of the turns, the size of the wire, the material of the wire and the overall length of the wire in the coil. While the capacitance is normally quite low, it still forms part of the parallel-connected capacitor which controls the resonant frequency of the coil/capacitor combination. At the resonant frequency, the coil resistance doesn’t matter, but the coil’s own capacitance is always a factor which must be allowed for. The output from this circuit will be AC at the frequency generated by 2N3055 circuit, due to the frequency controlling effects of the two capacitors C1 and C2. There are various ways of converting that AC output to the local mains frequency. One method is to physically interrupt the output at 50Hz or 60Hz. That gives an output which can be used by standard mains equipment. Another method is to add an extra signal on top of the existing output. A circuit for doing this has been shown on the energetic forum, I think by Zilano but I am not sure that it was originated by Zilano. The circuit is shown here:  In this implementation, a 555 timer is used to generate the required mains frequency and the output from pin 3 is used to drive two transistors, one 2N3055 and the BC547 transistor. The BC547 (or similar) transistor is used to invert the pin 3 output – that is, when the 2N3055 switches on and it’s collector drops to 0 volts, the BC547 transistor also switches on with it’s collector dropping to 0 volts, switching the second 2N3055 off, forcing it’s collector to +12 volts. This voltage difference across the 12V + 12V windings of the output transformer causes a current flow through it, generating an output voltage pulse in the 230V winding. Almost immediately afterwards, the 555 output switches over, causing the current flow through the 12V + 12V winding to reverse, and as a result of that, a reversal of the 230V winding output. This output is a sine wave in the same way that the output from any coil is a sine wave. That sine wave output is fed into a 22-turn coil wound around the resonance transformer with it’s central tap. This causes a mains-frequency modulation of the output power, which is what we were looking for. There is a most impressive video and circuit shown here where a very simple arrangement produces an immediately successful performance for the front end of Don’s circuitry. The circuit appears to be:  Here, a simple Neon Sign Transformer module which has no earth connection, is used to produce a 2.5 kV voltage with a frequency of 25 kHz and a maximum output current capacity of 12 mA. There is no difficulty in constructing the equivalent to that power supply unit. The two outputs from the module are converted to DC by a chain of four 1N4007 diodes in series in each of the two outputs (each chain being inside a plastic tube for insulation). This output is fed through an optional 22K resistor via a neon lamp to a microwave oven capacitor which happens to be 874 nF with a voltage rating. You might feel that the voltage rating of the capacitor is too low for the output voltage of the neon sign module, but the neon has a striking voltage of just 90 volts and so the capacitor is not going to reach the output voltage of the power supply. The resistors are solely to extend the life of the neons as the gas inside the tube gets a considerable jolt in the first nanosecond after switch-on. It is unlikely that omitting those resistors would have any significant effect, but then, including them is a trivial matter. The second neon feeds the primary of the resonant transformer which is only shown in notional outline in the diagram above as the developer suggests that the primary acts as a transmitter and that any number of receiving coils can be used as individual secondaries by being tuned with a capacitor connected in parallel, to the exact frequency of that resonating primary.  In the video showing this arrangement, the developer demonstrates the fluctuating, high-frequency field which extends for some four feet (1.2 m) around the coil. He also remarks that the single neons in his arrangement could each be replaced with two neons in series. Again, please note that this presentation is for information purposes only and it is NOT a recommendation that you should actually build one of these devices. Let me stress again that this is a high-voltage device made even more dangerous by the inclusion of a capacitor, and it is quite capable of killing you, so, don’t build one. The developer suggests that it is an implementation of this following device of Don Smith’s: Another device of Don's is particularly attractive in that almost no construction is needed, all of the components being available commercially, and the output power being adaptable to any level which you want. Don particularly likes this circuit because it demonstrates COP>1 so neatly.  The coil in the centre of the board is a power transmitter made from a Tesla Coil constructed from two Barker & Williamson ready-made coils. Three more of the inner coil are also used as power receivers. The outer, larger diameter coil is a few turns taken from one of their standard coils and organised so that the coil wire length is one quarter of the coil wire length of the inner coil ("L2"). As before, a commercial neon-tube driver module is used to power the "L1" outer coil with high voltage and high frequency. It should be understood that as power is drawn from the local environment each time the power driving the transmitter coil "L1" cycles, that the power available is very much higher at higher frequencies. The power at mains frequency of less than 100 Hz is far, far less than the power available at 35,000 Hz, so if faced with the choice of buying a 25 kHz neon-tube driver module or a 35 kHz module, then the 35 kHz module is likely to give a much better output power at every voltage level.  The "L1" short outer coil is held in a raised position by the section of white plastic pipe in order to position it correctly relative to the smaller diameter "L2" secondary coil. As there are very slight differences in the manufactured coils, each one is tuned to the exact transmitter frequency and a miniature neon is used to show when the tuning has been set correctly. The key feature of this device is the fact that any number of receiver coils can be placed near the transmitter and each will receive a full electrical pick up from the local environment, without altering the power needed to drive the Tesla Coil transmitter - more and more output without increasing the input power - unlimited COP values, all of which are over 1. The extra power is flowing in from the local environment where there is almost unlimited amounts of excess energy and that inflow is caused by the rapidly vibrating magnetic field generated by the central Tesla Coil. While the additional coils appear to just be scattered around the base board, this is not the case. The YouTube videodemonstrates that the pick-up of these coils is affected to a major degree by the distance from the radiating magnetic field. This is to do with the wavelength of the signal driving the Tesla Coil, so the coils shown above are all positioned at exactly the same distance from the Tesla Coil. You still can have as many pick-up coils as you want, but they will be mounted in rings around the Tesla Coil and the coils in each ring will be at the same distance from the Tesla Coil in the centre. Each of the pick up coils act exactly the same as the "L2" secondary coil of the Tesla Coil transmitter, each picking up the same level of power. Just as with the actual "L2" coil, each will need an output circuit arrangement as described for the previous device. Presumably, the coil outputs could be connected in parallel to increase the output amperage, as they are all resonating at the same frequency and in phase with each other. Each will have its own separate output circuit with a step-down isolation transformer and frequency adjustment as before. If any output is to be a rectified DC output, then no frequency adjustment is needed, just rectifier diodes and a smoothing capacitor following the step-down transformer which will need to be an air core or ferrite core type due to the high frequency. High voltage capacitors are very expensive. The web site shows various ways of making your own high-voltage capacitors and the advantages and disadvantages of each type. There are two practical points which need to be mentioned. Firstly, as the Don Smith devices shown above feed radio frequency waveforms to coils which transmit those signals, it may be necessary to enclose the device in an earthed metal container in order not to transmit illegal radio signals. Secondly, as it can be difficult to obtain high-voltage high-current diodes, they can be constructed from several lower power diodes. To increase the voltage rating, diodes can be wired in a chain. Suitable diodes are available as repair items for microwave ovens. These typically have about 4,000 volt ratings and can carry a good level of current. As there will be minor manufacturing differences in the diodes, it is good practice to connect a high value resistor (in the 1 to 10 megohm range) across each diode as that ensures that there is a roughly equal voltage drop across each of the diodes:  If the diode rating of these diodes were 4 amps at 4,000 volts, then the chain of five could handle 4 amps at 20,000 volts. The current capacity can be increased by connecting two or more chains in parallel. Most constructors omit the resistors and find that they seem to get satisfactory performance. With a coil (fancy name “inductor” symbol “L”), AC operation is very different to DC operation. The coil has a DC resistance which can be measured with the ohms range of a multimeter, but that resistance does not apply when AC is being used as the AC current flow is notdetermined by the DC resistance of the coil. Because of this, a second term has to be used for the current- controlling factor of the coil, and the term chosen is “impedance” or for people who like to make everything sound unduly complicated “reactance”. I will stick with the term “impedance” as it is clear that it is the feature of the coil which “impedes” AC current flow through the coil. The impedance of a coil depends on it’s size, shape, method of winding, number of turns and core material. It also depends on the frequency of the AC voltage being applied to it. If the core is made up of iron or steel, usually thin layers of iron which are insulated from each other, then it can only handle low frequencies. You can forget about trying to pass 10,000 cycles per second (“Hz”) through the coil as the core just can’t change it’s magnetic poles fast enough to cope with that frequency. A core of that type is ok for the very low 50 Hz or 60 Hz frequencies used for mains power, which are kept that low so that electric motors can use it. For higher frequencies, ferrite can be used for a core and that is why some portable radios use ferrite-rod aerials, which are a bar of ferrite with a coil wound on it. For higher frequencies (or higher efficiencies) iron dust encapsulated in epoxy resin is used. An alternative is to not use any core material and that is usually referred to as an “air-core” coil. These are not limited in frequency by the core but they have a very much lower inductance for any given number of turns. The efficiency of the coil is called it’s “Q” (for “Quality”) and the higher the Q factor, the better. The resistance of the wire lowers the Q factor. A coil has inductance, and resistance caused by the wire, and capacitance caused by the turns being near each other. However, having said that, the inductance is normally so much bigger than the other two components that we tend to ignore the other two. Something which may not be immediately obvious is that the impedance to AC current flow through the coil depends on how fast the voltage is changing. If the AC voltage applied to a coil completes one cycle every ten seconds, then the impedance will be much lower than if the voltage cycles a million times per second. If you had to guess, you would think that the impedance would increase steadily as the AC frequency increased. In other words, a straight-line graph type of change. That is not the case. Due to a feature called resonance, there is one particular frequency at which the impedance of the coil increases massively. This is used in the tuning method for AM radio receivers. In the very early days when electronic components were hard to come by, variable coils were sometimes used for tuning. We still have variable coils today, generally for handling large currents rather than radio signals, and we call them “rheostats” and some look like this:  These have a coil of wire wound around a hollow former and a slider can be pushed along a bar, connecting the slider to different winds in the coil depending on it’s position along the supporting bar. The terminal connections are then made to the slider and to one end of the coil. The position of the slider effectively changes the number of turns of wire in the part of the coil which is being used in the circuit. Changing the number of turns in the coil, changes the resonant frequency of that coil. AC current finds it very, very hard to get through a coil which has the same resonant frequency as the AC current frequency. Because of this, it can be used as a radio signal tuner:  If the coil’s resonant frequency is changed to match that of a local radio station by sliding the contact along the coil, then that particular AC signal frequency from the radio transmitter finds it almost impossible to get through the coil and so it (and only it) diverts through the diode and headphones as it flows from the aerial wire to the earth wire and the radio station is heard in the headphones. If there are other radio signals coming down the aerial wire, then, because they are not at the resonant frequency of the coil, they flow freely through the coil and don’t go through the headphones. This system was soon changed when variable capacitors became available as they are cheaper to make and they are more compact. So, instead of using a variable coil for tuning the radio signal, a variable capacitor connected across the tuning coil did the same job:  While the circuit diagram above is marked “Tuning capacitor” that is actually quite misleading. Yes, you tune the radio receiver by adjusting the setting of the variable capacitor, but, what the capacitor is doing is altering the resonant frequency of the coil/capacitor combination and it is the resonant frequency of that combination which is doing exactly the same job as the variable coil did on it’s own. This draws attention to two very important facts concerning coil/capacitor combinations. When a capacitor is placed across a coil “in parallel” as shown in this radio receiver circuit, then the combination has a very high impedance (resistance to AC current flow) at the resonant frequency. But if the capacitor is placed “in series” with the coil, then there is nearly zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the combination:  This may seem like something which practical people would not bother with, after all, who really cares? However, it is a very practical point indeed. Remember that Don Smith often uses an off- the-shelf neon-tube driver module as an easy way to provide a high-voltage, high-frequency AC current source, typically, 6,000 volts at 30,000 Hz. He then feeds that power into a Tesla Coil which is itself, a power amplifier. The arrangement is like this:  People who try to replicate Don’s designs tend to say “I get great sparks at the spark gap until I connect the L1 coil and then the sparks stop. This circuit can never work because the resistance of the coil is too low”. If the resonant frequency of the L1 coil does not match the frequency being produced by the neon- tube driver circuit, then the low impedance of the L1 coil at that frequency, will definitely pull the voltage of the neon-tube driver down to a very low value. But if the L1 coil has the same resonant frequency as the driver circuit, then the L1 coil (or the L1 coil/capacitor combination shown on the right, will have a very high resistance to current flow through it and it will work well with the driver circuit. So, no sparks, means that the coil tuning is off. It is the same as tuning a radio receiver, get the tuning wrong and you don’t hear the radio station. This is very nicely demonstrated using simple torch bulbs and two coils in the YouTube video showing good output for almost no input power:here and while only one resonant pick-up coil is shown, there is the possibility of using many resonant pick-up coils with just the one transmitter. Coil Construction: The Barker & Williamson coils used by Don in his constructions are expensive to purchase. Some years ago, in an article in the “QST” amateur radio publication, Robert H. Johns shows how similar (if not superior) coils can be constructed without any great difficulty.  These home-made coils have excellent “Q” Quality factors, some even better than the tinned copper wire coils of Barker & Williamson because the majority of electrical flow is at the surface of the wire and copper is a better conductor of electricity than the silver tinning material. The inductance of a coil increases if the turns are close together. The capacitance of a coil decreases if the turns are spread out. A good compromise is to space the turns so that there is a gap between the turns of one wire thickness. A common construction method with Tesla Coil builders is to use nylon fishing line or plastic strimmer cord between the turns to create the gap. The method used by Mr Johns allows for even spacing without using any additional material. The key feature is to use a collapsible former and wind the coil on the former, space the turns out evenly and then clamp them in position with strips of epoxy resin, removing the former when the resin has set and cured. Mr Johns has difficulty with his epoxy being difficult to keep in place, but when mixed with the West System micro fibres, epoxy can be made any consistency and it can be applied as a stiff paste without any loss of it’s properties. The epoxy is kept from sticking to the former by placing a strip of electrical tape on each side of the former.  I suggest that the plastic pipe used as the coil former is twice the length of the coil to be wound as that allows a good degree of flexing in the former when the coil is being removed. Before the two slots are cut in the plastic pipe, a wooden spreader piece is cut and it’s ends rounded so that it is a push-fit in the pipe. This spreader piece is used to hold the sides of the cut end exactly in position when the wire is being wrapped tightly around the pipe. Two or more small holes are drilled in the pipe beside where the slots are to be cut. These holes are used to anchor the ends of the wire by passing them through the hole and bending them. Those ends have to be cut off before the finished coil is slid off the former, but they are very useful while the epoxy is being applied and hardening. The pipe slots are cut to a generous width, typically 10 mm or more. The technique is then to wedge the wooden spreader piece in the slotted end of the pipe. Then anchor the end of the solid copper wire using the first of the drilled holes. The wire, which can be bare or insulated, is then wrapped tightly around the former for the required number of turns, and the other end of the wire secured in one of the other drilled holes. It is common practice to make the turns by rotating the former. When the winding is completed, the turns can be spaced out more evenly if necessary, and then a strip of epoxy paste applied all along one side of the coil. When that has hardened, (or immediately if the epoxy paste is stiff enough), the pipe is turned over and a second epoxy strip applied to the opposite side of the coil. A strip of paxolin board or strip-board can be made part of the epoxy strip. Alternatively, an L-shaped plastic mounting bracket or a plastic mounting bolt can be embedded in the epoxy ready for the coil installation later on. When the epoxy has hardened, typically 24 hours later, the coil ends are snipped off, the spreader piece is tapped out with a dowel and the sides of the pipe pressed inwards to make it easy to slide the finished coil off the former. Larger diameter coils can be wound with small- diameter copper pipe. The coil inductance can be calculated from: Inductance in microhenrys L = d2n2 / (18d + 40l) Where:d is the coil diameter in inches measured from wire centre to wire centren is the number of turns in the coill is coil length in inches (1 inch = 25.4 mm) Using this equation for working out the number of turns for a given inductance in microhenrys:  Tariel Kapanadze, like Don Smith, appears to have based his work on that of Nikola Tesla. There has been a video on the web, of one of his devices in operation, but it appears that the video has been removed. The video commentary was not in English and so the information gathered from it is not as complete as it might be. However, in spite of that, a number of useful things can be learned from it.  The video shows a demonstration being staged in a back garden, I believe, in Turkey. Strong sunshine was casting dense shadows which made video detail less than perfect. Essentially, Tariel demonstrated one of his builds of a Tesla-style free-energy device, powering both itself and a row of five light bulbs. One of the most encouraging things about this video is that the construction and operation was of the most basic kind, with not the slightest suggestion of expensive laboratory work or anything high-precision. This is most definitely a backyard construction within the scope of any knowledgeable person. Electrical connections were made by twisting bare wires together:  and where necessary, tightening the twist with a pair of pliers:  This shows clearly that a high-power and very useful free-energy device can be made with the most simple of construction methods - no expensive connectors here, just a zero-cost twisted connection.  The device being displayed is a Tesla Coil powered, earth-connected system of the type already described. You will notice that the thick primary winding is not placed at one end of the central secondary winding but is much closer to the centre of the coil. Remember that Don Smith states that if the primary coil is placed centrally, then the amount of current which the coil can deliver is very large, in spite of the fact that most people think that a Tesla Coil can only produce trivial currents. Notice also that this Tesla Coil appears to be mounted on a cheap kitchen-roll holder. I have seen it said that Tariel makes a new device for each demonstration and takes it apart afterwards, so if that is correct, then it is likely that there is no great effort or expense involved in making one of these systems.  The main operational components are shown here, placed on one small table. There is a lead- acid battery (which is removed later in the demonstration), what appears to be an inverter to produce mains AC voltage from the battery, a high-voltage step-up system housed in a green box for safety reasons, a Tesla Coil, a spark gap mounted on the box and a fan-cooled component, probably a solid-state oscillator system driving the Tesla Coil. Not seen in this picture, is an item contained in a small box which might well be a high-voltage capacitor. Two earth connections are organised. The first one is an old car radiator buried in the ground:  and the second is a bare wire wrapped around a garden tap's metal pipe and twisted tight as shown above. It is distinctly possible that the circuit is based on this circuit of Tesla's:  Perhaps, the battery powers the inverter which produces mains voltage, which is then stepped up to a high voltage level by the enclosed electronics. This then drives the Tesla Coil, producing both very high voltage and current with the capacitor storing the energy as a reservoir. The spark gap then pulses this energy, driving the primary winding of the isolation transformer which produces a lower voltage at substantial current (depending on the current-handling capacity of the transformer itself) powering the load, which in this case, is a row of light bulbs. It is distinctly possible that the Tesla Coil is mounted inside the green box and the coils seen on the outside of the box are the isolation transformer, hand-wound with heavy-duty wire. The spark gap is mounted on a non-conducting bracket attached to the side of the box and is of very simple construction with a copper rod threaded into a vertical copper post and a screwdriver slot cut in it to allow exact adjustment of the width of the spark gap:  The load is a row of five light bulbs hung from a broom placed across the backs of two chairs:  As you can see, this is not exactly high-tech, high-cost construction here, with all of the materials being used for other things afterwards. Initially, the battery is used to power the inverter and it is demonstrated that the current being drawn from the inverter is substantially less than the power entering the load. In conventional terms, this appears impossible, which is an indication that the conventional terms are out of date and need to be updated to include the observed facts from demonstrations such as this. As the system is putting out a good deal more power than is required to drive it, might it not be possible to use part of the output power to provide the input power. This is often called "closing the loop" and it is demonstrated in this video as the next step. First, the circuit is altered so that the input power connection to the inverter is taken from the output. Then the circuit is powered up using the battery as before. The battery is then disconnected and removed altogether, and the people helping with the demonstration pick up all of the active items and hold them up in the air so as to show that there are no hidden wires providing the extra power from some hidden source. The items on the table are not part of the circuit:  There is some additional information on Tariel including videos of some of his more powerful, newer designs at this website although it has to be said that there does not appear to be very much on him or his work available at this time. In December 2009 an anonymous contributor e-mailed to say that Kapanadze returned to the ex-USSR republic of Georgia and that the video soundtrack is in the Georgian language and after the demonstration, the interview is in Russian. He has kindly translated the parts which relate to the device, as follows: Question: What are you showing us today? Answer: This is a device which draws energy from the environment. It draws 40 watts as it starts up, but then it can power itself and provide an output of 5 kilowatts. We don't know how much energy can be drawn from the environment, but in an earlier test, we drew 200 kilowatts of power. Question: Is it possible to solve the energy problems of Georgia? Answer: We consider that they have already been solved. Question: Please tell us in simple terms, how your device works. Answer: (1) Power is drawn from the battery to get the device running (2) If we want, we can use part of the output power to drive a charger and charge the battery (3) When the device is running, we can remove the battery and it then operates self-powered. This particular unit can deliver 5 kilowatts of power which is enough for a family. We can easily make a version which supplies 10 kilowatts. We don't know what the practical power limit is for a unit like this. With this particular device we have here, we do not draw more than 5 kilowatts as we don't want to burn out the components which we used in this build. Question: Does your invention pick up current from mains wires? Answer: The mains has nothing to do with this device. The energy produced comes directly from the environment. Question: What do you call your device and do you dedicate it to anyone? Answer: I would not dream of claiming this device to be my invention, I just found something which works. This is an invention of Nikola Tesla and all the credit is his. Tesla has done so much for mankind but today he is just forgotten. This device is his invention, his work. Question: Why are you so sure that this is a design of Nikola Tesla's? Answer: Because I worked from his invention - his design. I discovered how to get automatic resonance between the primary and secondary windings. The most important thing is to achieve resonance. Melnichenko came close to solving this problem. The government of Georgia refuses to take this invention seriously. Question: You said that resonance must be maintained. Which parts resonate? Answer: Here (pointing to the green box) and here (pointing to the Tesla Coil mounted on the top of the green box). The resonator is inside the green box and at present, it is secret until patented. Question: How much would one of these units cost? Answer: When mass produced, it would cost between 300 and 400 US dollars for a unit which has an output of 5 or 6 kilowatts. Question:How much did it cost you to build this demonstration device? Answer: About eight thousand (currency not specified, but the previous question was US dollars). Parts had to be got in from twenty different places. Question: Is this your house? Answer: No, I rent this place because we have sold all that we have to make these devices. And, having done it, the government and many scientists say "We are not interested because a device like that is impossible and can't possibly exist!". I have not been allowed to make a presentation to them, but people who understand the Tesla Coil understand how this device works. Kapanadze is an architect by profession and has not had any training in either physics or Electrical Engineering. The information on which this design was based was downloaded free from the internet. One of the most important aspects of this video is the confirmation it gives for the work of Tesla and of Don Smith, in that it shows clearly, yet again, that large amounts of energy can be drawn from the local environment, without the need to burn a fuel. Another video can be seen here. As we enter the year 2011, people frequently ask for construction drawings or alternatively, outlets where they can buy one of his devices. Unfortunately, Tariel has been given the usual run-around by the opposition. I am informed that in the last nine years, he has been involved with a whole series of people who promised to finance the manufacture of his designs but who then failed to come up with the agreed finance. The last of these people who happen to be based in Switzerland, managed to persuade Tariel to sign a Non-Disclosure Agreement and then they just shelved his design in spite of their agreement. Tariel does not have sufficient funds to go to Switzerland and undertake a court case to force them to honour the agreement. So, being blocked from his own designs, Tariel has decided to develop a different free-energy system and publish it so that others can replicate it. He estimates that it will take him about a year to do that. In the mean time, there have been several successful replications shown on J L Naudin’s web site, where contributers have reported their work: http://jnaudin.free.fr/kapagen/replications.htm and this is most definitely worth a visit and careful consideration. Meguer Kalfaian. There is a patent application which has some very interesting ideas and claims. It has been around for a long time but it has not been noticed until recently. Personally, I get the impression that it is more a concept rather than a solidly based prototype-proven device, but that is only my impression and you need to make up your own mind on the matter. This is the patent information: ABSTRACT The perpetual static energies, as provided by the electron (self spin) and the permanent magnet (push and pull) are combined to form a dynamic function. Electrons emitted from a heated coil F are trapped permanently within the central magnetic field of a cylindrical magnet M5. A second magnet M6, in opposite polarity to the poles of the electrons causes polar tilt, and precession. This precession radiates a powerful electromagnetic field to a coil L placed between the cylindrical magnet and a vacuum chamber C - wound in a direction perpendicular to the polar axes of the electrons. Alternatively, the electromagnetic radiation is emitted as coherent light. The original source of electrons is shut off after entrapment. SPECIFICATION Method and means for producing perpetual motion with high power. This invention relates to methods and means for producing perpetual motion. An object of the invention is, therefore, to produce useful perpetual motion for utility purposes. BRIEF EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION The electron has acquired self spin from the very beginning of its birth during the time of creation of matter, and represents a perpetual energy. But self spin alone, without polar motion is not functional, and therefore, useful energy cannot be derived from it. Similarly, the permanent magnet represents a source of perpetual energy, but since its poles are stationary, useful energy cannot be derived from it. However, the characteristics of these two types of static energies differ one from the other, and therefore the two types of energies can be combined in such a manner that, the combined output can be converted into perpetual polar motion. In one exemplary mode, a cylindrical vacuum chamber having a filament and a cathode inside, is enclosed within the central magnetic field of a cylindrical permanent magnet, the magnetisation of which can be in a direction either along the longitudinal axis, or from the centre to the circumferential outer surface of the cylinder. When current is passed through the filament, the electrons emitted from the cathode are compressed into a beam at the centre of the cylindrical chamber by the magnetic field of the cylindrical magnet. Thus, when the current through the filament is shut off, the electrons in the beam remain permanently trapped inside the magnetic field. In such an arrangement, the poles of the electrons are aligned uniformly. When a second permanent magnet is held against the beam in repelling polarity, the poles of the electrons are pushed and tilted from their normal longitudinal polar axes. In such tilted orientations, the electrons now start wobbling (precessing) in gyroscopic motions, just like a spinning top when it is tilted to one side. The frequency of this wobbling (precessional resonance) depends upon the field strengths of the two magnets, similar to the resonance of the violin string relative to its tensional stretch. The polar movements of the electrons radiate an electromagnetic field, which can be collected by a coil and then converted into any desired type of energy. Because of the uniformly aligned electrons, the output field is coherent, and the output power is high. Observed examples upon which the invention is based: The apparatus can best be described by examples of a spinning top in wobbling motion. Thus, referring to the illustration of Fig.1, assume that the spinning top T is made of magnetic material, as indicated by their pole signs (S and N). Even though the top is magnetic, the spin motion does not radiate any type of field, which can be received and converted into a useful type of energy. This is due to the known fact that, radiation is created only when the poles of the magnet are in motion, and in this case, the poles are stationary.  When a magnet M1 is held from a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal polar axis of the top, as shown in Fig.2, the polar axis of the top will be tilted as shown, and keep on spinning in that tilted direction. When the magnet M1 is removed, however, the top will try to regain its original vertical posture, but in doing so, it will wobble in gyroscopic motion, such as shown in Fig.3. The faster the top spins, then the faster the wobbling motion will be.  The reason that the top tilts angularly, but does not wobble when the magnet M1 is held from horizontal direction, is that, the one-sided pull prevents the top from moving away from the magnetic field for free circular wobble. Instead of holding the magnet M1 from the side of the top, we may also hold the magnet from a direction above the top, as shown in Fig.4. In this case, however, the polar signs between the magnet and the top are oriented in like signs, so that instead of pulling action, there is pushing action between the magnet and the top - causing angular tilt of the top, such as shown in Fig.4. The pushing action of the magnetic field from above the top is now equalised within a circular area, so that the top finds freedom to wobble in gyroscopic rotation. The important point in the above given explanation is that, the top tries to gain its original vertical position, but it is prevented from doing so by the steady downward push from the static magnetic field of magnet M2. So, as long as the top is spinning, it will wobble in a steady state. Since there is now, polar motion in the wobbling motion of the top, this wobbling motion can easily be converted into useful energy. To make this conversion into perpetual energy, however, the top must be spinning perpetually. Nature has already provided a perpetually spinning magnetic top, which is called, "the electron" - guaranteed to spin forever, at a rate of 1.5 x 1023 (one hundred fifty thousand billion billion revolutions per second). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  Fig.1 illustrates a magnetic spinning top, used to describe the basic principles of the invention.  Fig.2 illustrates a controlled top for describing the basic principles of the invention.  Fig.3 and Fig.4 illustrate spinning tops in wobbling states for describing the basic principles of the invention.  Fig.5 shows how an electron can be driven into a wobbling state under the control of permanent magnets.  Fig.6 is a practical arrangement for obtaining perpetual motion.  Fig.7 shows a natural atomic arrangement for obtaining precessional resonance.  Fig.8 shows a different type of electron trapping permanent magnet, to that used in Fig.6.  Fig.9 is a modification of Fig.6; and  Fig.10 is a modification of the electron trapping magnets, used in Fig.6. BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring to the exemplary illustration of Fig.4, the spinning top T is pivoted to the base B by gravity.  In the case of the electron, however, it must be held tightly between some magnetic forces. So, referring to the illustration of Fig.5, assume that an electron e is placed in the centre of a cylindrical magnet M4. The direction of  magnetisation of the magnet M4, and the polar orientation of the electron e are marked in the drawing. In this case, when a permanent magnetM3 is placed at the open end of the cylindrical magnet M4, the electron e will precess, in a manner, as described by way of the spinning top. The difficulty in this arrangement is that, electrons cannot be separated in open air, and a vacuum chamber is required, as in the following:  Fig.6 shows a vacuum chamber C, which contains a cylindrically wound filament F, connected to the battery B1 by way of the switch S1. Thus, when the switch S1 is turned ON, the filament F is lighted, and it releases electrons. External to the vacuum chamber C is mounted a cylindrical permanent magnet M5, which compresses the emitted electrons into a beam at the centre of the chamber. When the beam is formed, the switch is turned OFF, so that the beam of electrons is permanently trapped at the centre of the chamber. The permanent trapping of the electrons in the chamber C represents a permanent storage of static energy. Thus, when a permanent magnetM6 is placed to tilt the polar orientations of the uniformly poled electrons in the beam, they start precessing perpetually at a resonant frequency, as determined by the field strengths of the magnets M5 and M6. The precessing electrons in the beam will radiate quadrature phased electromagnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the polar axes of the electrons. Thus, a coil L may be placed between the magnet M5 and the vacuum chamber C, to receive the radiated field from the beam. The output may then be utilised in different modes for practical purposes, for example, rectified for DC power use. The electron beam-forming cylindrical magnet M5, which may also be called a focusing magnet, is shown to be bipolar along the longitudinal axis. The direction of magnetisation, however, may be from the central opening to the outer periphery of the magnet, as shown by the magnetM7, in Fig.8 but the precessing magnet M6 will be needed in either case. In the arrangement of Fig.6, I have included a current control grid G. While it is not essential for operation of the arrangement shown, it may be connected to a high negative potential B2 by the switch S2 just before switching the S1 in OFF position, so that during the cooling period of the filament, there will occur no escape of any electrons from the beam to the cathode. Also, the grid G may be switched ON during the heating period of the cathode, so that electrons are not forcibly released from the cathode during the heating period, and thereby causing no damage to the cathode, or filament. Biological precessional resonance Electron precessional resonance occurs in living tissue matter, as observed in laboratory tests. This is called ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) or PMR (Paramagnetic Resonance). In tissue matter, however, the precessing electron is entrapped between two electrons, as shown in Fig.7, and the polar orientations are indicated by the polar signs and shadings, for clarity of drawing. Simulation The arrangement of Fig.7 may be simulated artificially in a manner as shown in Fig.9, wherein, the electron trapping magnet is a pair of parallel spaced magnets M8. In actual practice, however, the structure of this pair of magnets M8 can be modified. For example, a second pair of magnets M8 may be disposed between the two pairs, so that the directions of the transverse fields between the two pairs cross mutually perpendicular at the central longitudinal axis of the vacuum chamber. The inner field radiating surfaces of these two pairs of magnets may be shaped circular, and the two pairs may be assembled, either by physical contact to each other, or separated from each other. Modifications Referring to the arrangements of Fig.6, Fig.9 and Fig.10, when the electron is in precessional gyroscopic motion, the radiated field in a direction parallel to the polar axis of the electron, is a single phased corkscrew waveform, which when precessed at light frequency, the radiation produces the effect of light.  Whereas, the field in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the electron produces a quadrature phased electromagnetic radiation. Thus, instead of utilising the output of electron precession for energy purposes, it may be utilised for field radiation of either light or electromagnetic waves, such as indicated by the arrows in Fig.9. In this case, the output will be coherent field radiation. In reference to the arrangement of Fig.6, the electron emission is shown to occur within the central magnetic field of the focusing magnet M5. It may be practically desired, however, that these electrons are injected into the central field of the cylindrical magnet from a gun assembly, as shown in an exemplary arrangement of Fig.10. In this case, the vacuum chamber C is flanged at the right hand side, for mounting an electron emitting cathode 1 (the filament not being shown), and a curved electron-accelerating gun 2. The central part of this flange is recessed for convenience of mounting an electron-tilting magnet (as shown), as close as possible to the electron beam. In operation, when current is passed through the filament, and a positive voltage is applied (not shown) to the gun 2, the emitted electrons from the cathode are accelerated and injected into the central field of the magnet 11. Assuming that the open end of the gun 2 overlaps slightly the open end of the cylindrical central field of the magnet M1, and the positive accelerating voltage applied to the gun 2 is very low, the accelerated electrons will enter the central field of the magnet M1, and travel to the other end of the field. Due to the low speed acceleration of the electrons, however, they cannot spill out of the field, and become permanently entrapped therein. In regard to the direction in which the coil L1 is positioned, its winding should be in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam to which the polar axes of the electrons are aligned uniformly in parallel. In one practical mode, the coil L1 may be wound in the shape of a surface winding around a tubular form fitted over the cylindrical vacuum chamber. In regard to the operability of the apparatus as disclosed herein, the illustration in Fig.7 shows that the field output in a direction parallel to the polar axis of the electron is singular phased, and it produces the effect of light when the precessional frequency is at a light frequency. Whereas, the output in a direction perpendicular to the polar axis of the electron is quadrature phased, which is manifested in practiced electromagnetic field transmission. In regard to experimental references, an article entitled "Magnetic Resonance at high Pressure" in the "Scientific American" by George B. Benedek, page 105 illustrates a precessing nucleus, and indicates the direction of the electromagnetic field radiation by the precessing nucleus. The same technique is also used in the medical apparatus "Nuclear magnetic resonance" now used in numerous hospitals for imaging ailing tissues (see "High Technology" Nov. Dec. 1982. Refer also to the technique of detecting Electron Spin Resonance, in which electrons (called "free radicals") are precessed by the application of external magnetic field to the tissue matter. In all of these practices, the electromagnetic field detecting coils are directed perpendicular to the polar axes of the precessing electrons or the nuclei. In regard to the production of light by a precessing electron, in a direction parallel to the polar axis of the precessing electron, see an experimental reference entitled "Free electrons make powerful new laser" published in "high Technology" February 1983 page 69. In regard to the aspect of producing and storing the electrons in a vacuum chamber, it is a known fact by practice that the electrons are entrapped within the central field of a cylindrical permanent magnet, and they will remain entrapped as long as the magnet remains in position. With regard to the performance of obtaining precessional resonance of the electron, the simple example of a wobbling top is sufficient, as proof of operability. Having described the preferred embodiments of the invention, and in view of the suggestions of numerous possibilities of modifications, adaptations, adjustments and substitutions of parts, it should be obvious to the skilled in related arts that other possibilities are within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Stanley Meyer. Stan, who is famous for his water-splitting and related automotive achievements, actually held about forty patents on a wide range of inventions. Here is one of his patents which circulates magnetic particles in a fluid, and while the fluid does move, none of the other components in the device move and a high level of constructional skills is not called for: Please note that this is a re-worded excerpt from this Stan Meyer patent. Although it does not state it in the patent, Stan appears to make it understood that this system produces a significant power gain – something with Patent Offices find very difficult to accept. ELECTRICAL PARTICLE GENERATOR An electrical particle generator comprising a non-magnetic pipe in a closed loop having a substantial amount of magnetised particles encapsulated inside it. A magnetic accelerator assembly is positioned on the pipe, which has an inductive primary winding and a low-voltage input to the winding. A secondary winding is positioned on the pipe opposite to the primary winding. Upon voltage being applied to the primary winding, the magnetised particles are passed through the magnetic accelerator assembly with increased velocity. These accelerated particles passing through the pipe, induce an electrical voltage/current potential as they pass through the secondary winding. The increased secondary voltage is utilised in an amplifier arrangement. BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART The prior art teachings expound the fundamental principle tat a magnetic field passing through inductive windings will generate a voltage/current or enhance the voltage across it if the winding is a secondary winding. It is also taught by the prior art, that a magnetic element in a primary inductive field will be attracted at one end of the coil and repelled at the other end. That is, a moving magnetic element will be accelerated in motion by the attraction and repulsion of the magnetic field of the primary inductive winding. In the conventional step-up transfer, the voltage across the secondary is a function of the number of turns in the secondary relative to the number of turns in the primary winding. Other factors are the diameter of the wire and whether the core is air or a magnetic material. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention utilises the basic principle of the particle accelerator and the principle of inducing a voltage in a secondary winding by passing a magnetic element through it. The structure comprises a primary voltage inductive winding having a magnetic core, plus a low-voltage input. There is a secondary winding with a greater number of turns than the turns in the primary winding, plus an output for using the voltage induced in that winding. The primary winding and core are positioned on one side of an endless, closed-loop, non- magnetic pipe. The secondary windings are positioned on the opposite side of the endless pipe. The pipe is filled with discrete magnetic particles, preferably of a gas, and each particle has a magnetic polarised charge placed on it. Due to their magnetic polarisation charges, the particles will sustain some motion. As the particles approach the accelerator assembly, which is the primary coil, the magnetic field generated by the coil attracts the particles and accelerates them through the coil. As each particles passes through the coil, the repulsion end of the coil boosts the particle on it’s way. This causes each particle to exit from the coil with an increased velocity. As the magnetic particles pass through the secondary coil winding, they induce a voltage across the ends of that coil. Due to the larger number of turns, this induced voltage is much higher than the voltage across the primary coil. The main objective of this invention is to provide an electrical generator which is capable of producing a voltage/current of much greater magnitude than has been possible previously. Another objective is to provide a generator which uses magnetic particles and a magnetic accelerator. Another object is to provide a generator which can control the amplitude of the output. Another objective is to provide a generator which can be used with DC, AC, pulsed or other configurations of waveforms. Another objective is to provide a generator which can be used in either a single-phase or a 3-phase electrical system. Another objective is to provide a generator for developing magnetised particles for use in an electrical particle generator. Another objective is to provide an electrical generator which uses readily available components to construct a simple embodiment of this invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  Fig.1 is a simplified illustration of the principles of the invention, shown partially in cross-section and partially pictorially.  Fig.2 is an electrical schematic illustration of the embodiment shown in Fig.1.  Fig.3 is an illustration similar to Fig.2 but which is adaptable to 3-phase use.  Fig.4 is a first alternative arrangement of a preferred implementation of the invention.  Fig.5 is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of the invention.  Fig.6 is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of this invention.  Fig.7 is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of this invention.  Fig.8 is another alternative arrangement of a preferred embodiment of this invention.  Fig.9 is an alternative arrangement for a magnetic drive particle accelerator assembly.  Fig.10 is an illustration of an alternative method of producing the magnetised particles used in this invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Fig.1 and Fig.2 show the invention in it’s most simplified schematic form:  It comprises a primary coil magnetic accelerator assembly 10, a closed-loop non-magnetic pipe 30, and a secondary winding 20. The magnetic accelerator assembly is comprised of primary windings 12, a magnetic core 14, and voltage taps 16. The primary windings are positioned around end 32 of the closed-loop pipe 30 which is made from non-magnetic tubing. At the opposite end 34 of the closed-loop pipe 30, are the secondary windings 20. The end terminals 22 of the secondary winding 20, allow the voltage generated in the winding to be used. Contained inside pipe 30, there is a substantial number of magnetic particles 40 as shown inFig.2. The particles 40 must be light enough to be freely mobile and so may be particles suspended in a fluid medium such as gas, liquid or light-weight movable solid particles. Of these options, the use of a gas is preferred. If solid particles are used as the transporting medium, then it may be desirable to remove all air from inside the pipe in order to reduce the resistance to the flowing particles. Each of the particles40 is magnetised and the following description refers to one individual particle and not to the mass of particles as a whole. The voltage applied to terminals 16 of primary winding 12, is a low voltage, and it’s magnitude may be used as an input signal control. By varying the input voltage, the accelerator will vary the speed of the circulating particles, which will, in turn, vary the magnitude of the voltage/current output of the secondary winding 20. The output 22 of the secondary transformer winding 20, is a high voltage/current output. It can be appreciated that the system shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2 where there is just one closed loop, provides a single-phase output in the secondary winding 20. Fig.3 shows a closed-loop arrangement with three parallel non-magnetic tubes 31, 33 and 35, each with it’s own output winding 21, 23 and 25. Each of these three windings are a single-phase output, and as their three pipes share a common input junction and a common output junction, these three output windings provide a balanced 3-phase electrical system. Fig.4 shows an electrical power generator which operates exactly the same as those shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2. Here, the arrangement is for use in an environment where there is a high moisture content. An insulating coating 45, completely covers pipe 30 as well as all of the electrical windings. Fig.4 also illustrates the fact that increasing the number of turns for any given wire diameter increases the voltage/current output of the device. In this physical configuration, both vertical and horizontal directions are used which allows a large-diameter pipe to be used with a substantial number of turns of heavy-gauge high-current wire. Fig.5 shows a coil arrangement 49, which uses the entire magnetic flux in the closed-loop tubing 47. This is a co-axial arrangement with the primary winding 43 as a central core. Fig.6 illustrates a concentric spiral configuration of the tubing 50, with the secondary windings 53 covering it completely. Fig.7 shows an arrangement where the particle accelerator 10 is wound over the tubing 30 in much the same way as in Fig.1 and Fig.2. However, in this arrangement, the tubing 30 is a continuous closed loop arranged in a series-parallel configuration where there are three secondary windings providing three separate outputs while the tubing 30 runs in series through those three windings. Fig.8 shows a configuration which is the reverse of that shown in Fig.7. Here, there are several pick-up coils wound in series and unlike the earlier configurations, the tubing 80 is not continuous. In this arrangement, there is an input manifold 82, and an output manifold 84, and several separate tubes 60a, 60b, 60c, ….. 60n interconnecting those two manifolds. Each of those separate tubes has it’s own separate secondary coil 70a, 70b, 70c, ….. 70n wound on it. The magnetic particle accelerator 10, can be different in design to that shown in Fig.1. Fig.9 shows a mechanical particle accelerator 100. In this arrangement, the magnetic particles 102 are permanently magnetised prior to being encapsulated in the non-magnetic pipe 110. The particles 102 are accelerated by fan blade or pump 104 rotated by mechanical drive assembly 106. The mechanical drive for assembly 106may be a belt-drive pulley 112, or similar device driven by an electric motor. A sealing bearing 114 keeps the particles 102 inside the pipe110. It has been stated that the magnetic particles traversing the secondary coils, generate a voltage/current in them. It must be understood, however, that that the particles are actually traversing the magnetic field of those coils. Also, the pipe 30 has been described as a non-magnetic pipe. There are certain non-magnetic pipes which would not work with this invention. Pipe 30 must be capable of passing magnetic lines of force. A significant feature of each of the various embodiments already described, is the generation of the magnetic particles which are encapsulated within the tubing. Fig.10 shows an apparatus for carrying out the process of vapourising material to produce suitable particles which are then magnetised by being subjected to a magnetic field. The chamber 155 is an evacuated chamber having electrodes, made from magnetisable metal, 160 and162. A voltage is applied between terminals 150 and 152, and this drives a current through terminals 154 and 156, to spark-gap electrodes160 and 162, generating an arc which vapourises the tip material of the electrodes, producing particles 180. These particles rise and enter tube 190, passing through a magnetic field generator 175. This gives each particle a magnetic charge and they continue on their way as magnetically-charged particles 185, passing through port 190 to reach the electrical particle generator described above. In the simplified embodiment shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2, as well as the other preferred embodiments mentioned, it was indicated that a low voltage was applied to the particle accelerator 10. Upon acceleration, a high voltage/current would be induced in the secondary pick-up coil20. A most significant advantage of the present invention is that the voltage amplification is not related to the shape of the waveform of the input voltage. Specifically, if the input is DC a DC voltage will be output. An AC input will produce an AC output. A pulsed voltage input will produce a pulsed voltage output and an input voltage of any other configuration will produce an output having that same configuration. Russ Gries has produced a video presentation and analysis of the above Stan Meyer patent. This is a large download file which takes a considerable time to receive (some hours in my case). The download link is 1: Video 1 2: Video 2 3: Video 3 ……. 8: Video 8 And in particular, video 8, where Stan discusses the design and use of the generator. It is easy to get somewhat confused as Stan talks about both the Electrical Particle Generator and it’s use in combination with HHO production as a large-scale power generation source. The very experienced Alex Petty is joining with Russ in working on replicating Stan’s system and Alex’s web site is www.alexpetty.com. A discussion forum linked to this is here and there is information here at www.overunity.com and high-resolution pictures can also be seen in Russ’ video here. Russ’ own website is here and an additional video of the most recent developmental work being undertaken is here. There are various important things which are commented on and Russ is to be commended for drawing attention to them. For the moment, please forget about HHO as that is a separate issue. As far as I can see, the patent does not claim that the device is COP>1 but instead that the device is a power transformer which potentially has a greater power output than conventional transformers since there is no Lenz Law reverse magnetic path from the output coil winding to affect the input power. Having said that, Stan in his video points out ways to boost the power of the device, namely: 1. Increase the strength of the magnetic particles 2. Increase the speed of the magnetic particles 3. Lower the distance between the magnetic particles and the output winding. The magnetic particles can be produced in various ways, but the most effective appears to be by filling the arcing chamber with argon gas and using iron, nickel or cobalt electrodes. The reason for this is that the electric arc does not only generate minute particles of the electrode material, but it also interacts with the argon, stripping off electrons and causing some of the metal particles to combine with the modified argon gas molecules to form a magnetic gas. That gas will always remain a magnetic gas due to the atomic bonding as it is not just minute particles of metal physically suspended in a gas due to their tiny size. You will recall from chapter 1, that the very successful ShenHe Wang magnet motor/generator has a magnetic liquid as a key component. Here, Stan is producing a much lighter magnetic gas and the advantage of that lightness is that it can be boosted to very high speeds without any danger. The larger the number of modified argon molecules, the greater the magnetic effect when they pass through a coil of wire. The argon gas can be passed through the arc chamber over and over again so that a very high percentage of the gas is magnetic. Alternatively, if you are sophisticated in the design of the particle generator, you can arrange for the molecules which have become magnetic, to be pulled off into storage by a magnetic field. Stan talks about pumping the magnetic gas through whatever pipe loop arrangement you decide to use, by a pump, but he promptly moves on to using a magnetic coil to boost the gas forward as the coil has no moving parts and so, no mechanical wear. This is only one reason. The main reason is that with magnetic acceleration, the gas speed can become very high indeed and in his video he talks about the speed of light. However, I personally do not believe that anything remotely like a speed that great could be achieved inside a pipe loop of small diameter. Nevertheless, speeds well in excess of what a mechanical pump can achieve are likely to be produced by magnetic acceleration. Russ, in his discussion, points out that on most of Stan’s surviving prototypes, the coil which is used for the acceleration is constructed using several apparently separate coils, and he speculates that each coil section is powered sequentially, causing a rippling magnetic field. While that is definitely possible, I don’t see that a style of coil powering would have any advantage as opposed to powering all of the coils continuously. However, if sequential powering is believed to be an advantage, then the ‘Divide-by-N’ circuitry of chapter 12 can be used to provide the sequential powering or any more complex sequence. Stan then points out that the output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of turns on the output coil and/or having additional output coils. This is easily understood conventional electrics. But, he then goes on to point out that the output will also be increased if the electrons of the modified argon molecules are raised to a high orbital level. This places the electromagnetic electrons (as described in chapter 11) closer to the output coils and presumably also allows the gas to be accelerated to a greater speed by the driving magnetic field. This power boosting of the gas is achieved using Stan’s “Gas Processor” described in chapter 10. The Gas Processor pumps electromagnetic energy into the gas through the use of banks of Light-Emitting Diodes which produce light of the correct wavelength to add energy to that particular gas. If you check on the internet for the wavelength of argon, you find conflicting information, with some sites saying that the wavelength is 1090 nanometres (“nm”) and most others saying both 488 nm and 514.5 nm. Most LEDs produce a band of frequencies, so it would be a case of picking LEDs whose band of frequencies include the wanted wavelength. The Gas Processor itself, consists of a central tube which is polished to a mirror finish on the outside, surrounded by a larger tube which is highly polished on the inside. The LED light is then bounced between these polished surfaces until it is absorbed by the gas which is passed through the gap between the two tubes. This is not easy to illustrate, but it might be shown like this:  In Stan’s design, he uses six columns of sixteen LEDs, with each column of LEDs spaced out evenly around the outer tube. So, to boost the Magnetic Particle Generator to greater power levels, a Gas Processor is placed in the loop of tubing:  The Gas Processor normally has a coil mounted at each end and it may be convenient to use coils in those positions as accelerator coils. It may also be an advantage to apply a pulsed high-voltage between the inner and outer tubes of the Gas Processor. As it stands, this looks as if it has a high possibility of being a COP>1 electrical device. Patrick Kelly http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk |
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