What Is The Cold Fusion ?

            This article is about the Fleischmann–Pons claims of nuclear fusion at room temperature using only a tabletop setup, and its related experiments. For the original use of the term 'cold fusion', see Muon-catalyzed fusion. For all other definitions, see Cold fusion (disambiguation).

Diagram of an open type calorimeter used at 

the New Hydrogen Energy Institute in Japan

           Cold fusion refers to a proposed nuclear fusion process offered to explain a group of disputed experimental results first reported by electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons. The field originates with reports of an experiment by Fleischmann, then one of the world's leading electrochemists, and Pons in March 1989 where they reported anomalous heat production ("excess heat") of a magnitude they asserted would defy explanation except in terms of nuclear processes. They further reported measuring small amounts of nuclear reaction byproducts, including neutrons and tritium. The small tabletop experiment involved electrolysis of heavy water on the surface of a palladium (Pd) electrode.

        The media reported that nuclear fusion was happening inside the electrolysis cells, and these reports raised hopes of a cheap and abundant source of energy. Hopes fell with the big number of negative replications, the withdrawal of many positive replications, the discovery of flaws and sources of experimental error in the original experiment, and finally the discovery that Fleischmann and Pons had not actually detected nuclear reaction byproducts. By late 1989, most scientists considered cold fusion claims dead, and cold fusion subsequently gained a reputation as pathological science. In 1989, the majority of a review panel organized by the US Department of Energy (DOE) found that the evidence for the discovery of a new nuclear process was not persuasive enough to start a special program, but was "sympathetic toward modest support" for experiments "within the present funding system." A second DOE review, convened in 2004 to look at new research, reached conclusions similar to the first.

        A small community of researchers continues to investigate cold fusion, claiming to replicate Fleischmann and Pons' results including nuclear reaction byproducts. Since cold fusion articles are rarely published in refereed scientific journals, the results do not receive as much scrutiny as more mainstream topics, and many scientists aren't even aware that there is new research. Mainstream scientists perceive the field as the remains of the controversy of the early 1990s.

Here is more about the true cold fusion

          Not to be confused with ColdFusion , a software product, cold fusion is a hypothetical process in which hydrogen fusion supposedly occurs at room temperature. The topic is controversial, because the notion appears to defy the laws of physics. Some scientists believe that cold fusion represents a real phenomenon and that it will someday form the basis for an abundant, cheap source of energy. Others maintain that cold fusion, like perpetual motion, is impossible.

        Hydrogen fusion as it is currently known is the process responsible for the energy output of the sun and most other stars. It does not ordinarily take place unless there is extreme heat (millions of degrees Celsius ) and extreme pressure. The only officially documented examples of human-generated fusion involve the explosions of hydrogen bombs. In the hydrogen fusion process, the nuclei of hydrogen atom s are driven together to form helium nuclei. It takes four hydrogen nuclei to ultimately produce a single helium nucleus . Energy, and certain subatomic particles, are emitted as byproducts.

       After the first hydrogen bombs were successfully tested, scientists and engineers began searching for a way to control hydrogen fusion reactions and harness the energy in a constructive manner. Hydrogen fusion generates no dangerous nuclear waste, is far more efficient than the fission processes currently used in nuclear reactors, and has as its basis the most abundant element in the universe (hydrogen). In 1989, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann of the University of Utah claimed to have produced hydrogen fusion in a controlled experiment at room temperature. The news created a stir among scientists, engineers, government agencies, and the public. It also caused a controversy among physicists that has been going on ever since.

      The cold-fusion experiments conducted by Pons and Fleischmann involved deuterium, an isotope of helium in which the nucleus contains a neutron as well as a proton . (Ordinary hydrogen has a nucleus consisting of a single proton only.) The deuterium was packed into electrodes made of a metallic element known as palladium. Under certain conditions, it appeared that energy was produced along with helium nuclei at room temperature, in the same way, and according to the same mathematical formulae, as observed in hydrogen fusion at high temperatures. But these results have proven difficult to reproduce. Even in apparently successful cold-fusion experiments, no one has yet harnessed the energy and thereby built a functional reactor.

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